Watershed Engineering and Management

Prioritizing areas affected by gully erosion in Qazvin Province

Reza Bayat; majid zanjanijam; Majid Soufi

Volume 17, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 140-151

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365707.2063

Abstract

Extended abstract Introduction Soil erosion causes land degradation and reduces their land fertility potential in watershed areas. Choosing the right methods and strategies for watershed management and designing appropriate soil protection programs for regional conditions is of great importance and ... Read More Extended abstract Introduction Soil erosion causes land degradation and reduces their land fertility potential in watershed areas. Choosing the right methods and strategies for watershed management and designing appropriate soil protection programs for regional conditions is of great importance and identifying the main areas of sediment production plays a significant role in formulating these strategies. Gully erosion is one of the forms of water erosion and the intensified type caused by human activities and is one of the important factors of soil degradation that causes soil loss and sediment production in different regions of Iran. Today, gully erosion has received more attention than other forms of water erosion due to its importance and development caused by disproportionate human activities, and one of the reasons for this, is the share of sediment production between 10 to 94 percent in some worldwide studied watersheds. The extensive destruction of agricultural, pastural and residential lands, roads, gas and oil pipelines and relocation of villages are from other reasons for the importance of gully erosion. Despite of conducted surveys and many studies on Iranian gullies, still there is no accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date information on the characteristics of gullies with respect to climate, land use, formation and soil type, sediment production, and economic damages. Therefore, this study attempted to prioritize them for planning management and conservation measures by studying gully characteristics in Qazvin Province and estimating their economic damages. Materials and methods The studied area covers the lands of Qazvin Province with an area of 15,559 km2. Its highest elevation is 4,061 m above sea level in the Shahroud Watershed and its lowest point is 275 m at the the Qezelouzn River in the Lower Tarom region. The average rainfall in the province is about 316 mm yr-1. Quaternary geological units include alluvial fan deposits and low-elevation river terraces, andesite and dacite volcanic tuffs, and Quaternary including alluvial fan deposits and high-elevation river terraces are the first three formations of the province with 392,000, 119,000 and 6,500 km2, respectively. The gully erosion areas of the province were identified according to the available information and referring to the relevant departments. Then, according to the initial identification, the accuracy of the gullies erosion locations was checked by field visits and the geographical coordinates of 24 gullies were recorded by GPS. Using the extensive Demarton climate map of the country, a climate map of the province was prepared digitally. In the next step, the maps of the gullies and the climate of the province were overlayed in a GIS environment and a map of the distribution of gullies in different climates of the province was prepared. From each climate, two areas with an area of more than 500 ha and three sample gullies from each area were selected as representative areas for field sampling and the dimensional characteristics of the gullies, soil, past and current land use, and economic damages from the expansion of gullies in the representative areas were measured. For each area, the type and the amount of damage resulting from the creation and expansion of gullies were determined based on the functional value of the land in fodder production (2.5 million Rials ha-1). Prioritization of gully erosion areas for watershed management and soil conservation operations was carried out based on the proposed method. First, the indices of area, length, width, depth, width-to-depth ratio, and damage amount indices were determined. Then, the value of each factor was divided by the average factor in the province and assigned to the region in ascending order, with a score of one for the lowest index value and a score of 10 for the highest value, and the prioritization of each factor was determined. Then, the sum of the priority scores of the indices was calculated and assigned in ascending order, with the highest score as the region with the first priority and the lowest score as the region with the last priority. Results and discussion The results of this study showed that gullies are distributed in all five climates of the province like cold semi-arid, super-cold semi-arid, temperate semi-arid, warm semi-humid, and warm Mediterranean, but they are more frequent and have more area in Mediterranean and semi-arid climates. Gullies in Qazvin Province have a general claw plan and a point frontal plan, which indicates the effect of surface runoff in their creation and expansion. Gullies are generally created at the bottom of valleys and have a greater lateral expansion and are located in the middle class (less than five meters) in terms of depth. The soil in the gullies has a heavy to semi-heavy texture and the lands are pastures. The economic damages on province's pastures due to the expansion of gullies has been estimated at 3,984 billion Rials. Gully erosion areas in Qostyn-Rud in the temperate semi-arid climate, the Abdareh with the cold semi-arid climate, and the Durchak in the warm Mediterranean climate are in the first, second, and third priorities for soil conservation operations, while Yalabad, Dastjerdeh, and Maallem-Kelayeh areas have lower priorities. Conclusions The economic damages caused to the rangelands of the province due to the expansion of gullies is estimated at 39.84 billion Rials. According to the results, based on the developed Demarton climatology, the Qostyn-Rud gullies in the temperate semi-arid climate, the Abdareh with a cold semi-arid climate, and the Durchak gullies in the warm Mediterranean climate are in the first, second, and third priorities for soil conservation operations, which can be used to make decisions regarding the allocation of funds and the implementation of soil conservation and watershed management programs. For more appropriate management of erosion and sediment caused by gullies in Qazvin Province, other plans should be implemented, such as the studying the impact of gullies on rangeland soil moisture and biomass production, the diversity of palatable and invasive rangeland species, the rate of gullies advancing in medium and long-term periods, and gully erosion prediction models, so that they can be managed more effectively.

Analysis of desirable characteristics of watershed management in detailed-implementation studies of the watershed management, case study: Daftabad Watershed, South Khorasan, Iran

Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi; Roghayeh Alipour; Hasan Fereydoni; Fatemeh Zahra Enayati; Alireza Pakravan; Reza Yaghoti; Mitra Moradnezhad; Fatemeh Esmailzadeh Ashini; Fatemeh Abdolbaghi; Sahar Mousavian; Reza Chamani; Marjan Bahlekeh; Hamed Beigi

Volume 17, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 152-174

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368017.2095

Abstract

Extended abstract Introduction Today, the destruction of natural resources has increased the possibility of shortages and crises of resources needed for human well-being. Therefore, to prevent further land degradation, it has become necessary to develop effective policies and strategies. In this regard, ... Read More Extended abstract Introduction Today, the destruction of natural resources has increased the possibility of shortages and crises of resources needed for human well-being. Therefore, to prevent further land degradation, it has become necessary to develop effective policies and strategies. In this regard, significant costs are spent every year on protecting natural resources and controling their degradation in the form of studies and executive projects, which in most cases do not meet the desired standard and require a comprehensive and systematic plan. In this regard, the country's watershed management faces many problems and challenges, which must be addressed by new approaches to comprehensive watershed management, taking into account all effective and influential aspects of watersheds. Materials and methods In this research, first, a review of the detailed-executive studies of the Daftabad Watershed in South Khorasan Province, Iran was conducted with the aim of identifying the problems of the watershed. Also, the necessary visits were made to understand the watershed as much as possible. Then, a list of the problems and challenges of the region was prepared and placed in a fishbone diagram. The study evaluated the six pillars of comprehensive watershed management, viz., legal, policy, economic, social, cultural, and knowledge, and addressed their position in the watershed management ladder. Results and discussion The research evaluation shows that although research studies and a watershed management unit have been included in the watershed, the failure to implement a watershed health and sustainability approach has caused the Daft Abad Watershed to be placed on the research-implementation rung of the watershed ladder. The research assessment shows that current approaches to managing the Daftabad Watershed face serious challenges. Several factors, including inappropriate management patterns, climate change, lack of active participation of local communities, lack of investment, lack of exploitation of economic opportunities and capabilities of the region, and existing socio-economic issues, have exposed this watershed to serious vulnerability. Also, the lack of assessment of the various needs of the population, especially the needs of women in different age groups, has led to the lack of various solutions for population management in the short- and long-term. On the other hand, utilizing the economic capabilities of the Daft Abad Watershed, especially in agriculture and barberry cultivation, to produce products, market the produced products, and expand ecotourism can reduce general poverty and strengthen the economy of local communities. In this regard, utilizing the economic capabilities of watersheds in order to produce products, market the produced products, and expand ecotourism can reduce general poverty and strengthen the economy of local communities. In general, by observing the approaches mentioned in this research and promoting detailed executive studies, the current trend of watersheds can be improved, and the waste of water and soil resources, the continuous migration of people to larger cities, and environmental problems can be reduced. Therefore, this program requires the active participation of all stakeholders, including the government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and local communities in the design and implementation. Strengthening the participation of local communities, policy-making and planning that is appropriate for the health and sustainability of the area investing in various sectors and infrastructure, supporting vulnerable groups, as well as paying attention to Indigenous knowledge and local experiences, along with using scientific and specialized knowledge, can significantly contribute to the success of this program. Conclusions This study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and participatory approach, providing solutions for improving the management of the Daftabad Watershed. The results can serve as a model for managers and policymakers in natural resource and watershed management, highlighting the need for holistic and inclusive strategies to ensure sustainable development and resilience. Accordingly, it is recommended that managers and planners at various levels of management, while paying significant attention to the participation of local communities, prioritize the evaluation, monitoring, and measurement of the effects of implemented projects so that in the long-term, they can simultaneously preserve and restore healthy watersheds and prevent the migration of watershed residents to neighboring cities and the emergence of numerous problems in those cities.

Investigating management indicators and prioritizing factors affecting the optimal river materials mining

Alireza Zarei Ghorkhodi; Maryam Mirhashemi; Ali Shahnazari

Volume 17, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 175-187

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365154.2050

Abstract

Extended abstract Introduction Indiscriminate and non-technical extraction of sand and gravel from rivers has brought many adverse morphological and environmental effects. The negative consequences of river materials mining occur under the influence of various factors. Examining the system of exploitation ... Read More Extended abstract Introduction Indiscriminate and non-technical extraction of sand and gravel from rivers has brought many adverse morphological and environmental effects. The negative consequences of river materials mining occur under the influence of various factors. Examining the system of exploitation of materials from the river also indicates the existence of many problems in different technical, legal, socio-economic and environmental aspects. In this regard, the present research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing factors affecting river materials mining and providing optimal river materials mining management indicators. Materials and methods The watersheds studied in this research include Lake Urmia, Sefidroud and Heraz, Heraz and Qarasu, Kerganrud, Karkhe, Karun and Sefidroud Bozorg. The required information has been obtained through survey-type field research, by conducting face-to-face interviews and using questionnaires. The studied statistical group consists of experts, specialists and experts of regional water companies all over the country. The research tool was a questionnaire whose content validity was obtained by obtaining the opinions of relevant experts and university professors and applying the necessary corrections. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and SPSS software were used for the reliability of the research tool and its figure was equal to 0.811. The items examined in the questionnaire were measured in three main sections, including river characteristics, the status of material harvesting, the evaluation of technical, legal, socio-economic, and environmental indicators of the effects of river material harvesting, and two general sections, including the identification of the main indicators of optimal river material harvesting and the extent of the impact of clause "and" of Note 8 of the 2021 National Budget Law on reducing or increasing the effects of river material harvesting. Results and discussion The examination of technical factors showed that T3 items (river stability, hydraulic structures and their lifespan) with a frequency of 16.92% and item T5 (changes in the level of underground water in aquifers adjacent to the river) with a frequency of 4.61% are the most important respectively. And they are the least important factor in River materials mining. Among the legal components of item L1 (weakness in providing the necessary infrastructure for the establishment of control laws and regulations) and item L6 (lack of suitable infrastructure for crisis management in times of need) respectively with the frequencies of 18.69% and 8.46% of the first priorities and finally, they have assigned the factors affecting the river materials mining. The results of the study of socio-economic factors affecting the river materials mining showed that item S1 (lack of laws and regulations to control the price and price fluctuations of river materials) with a frequency of 15.38% is the first priority of socio-economic factors affecting the river materials mining and Item S3 (migration process from (to) the region) is the least important factor (6.17%) in river materials mining. On the other hand, item E2 (environmental effects of river materials mining on the water environment of the river (plant and animal community)) is the most important influencing factor in river materials mining with a frequency of 23.08% and item E5 (effect of river materials mining on floodplains) with a frequency of 15 16% is the least important factor among environmental components. Based on experts' point of view, indicators such as appropriate depth of river materials mining, distance of river materials mining from upstream and downstream structures, finding the potential of a suitable river materials mining location, estimating the annual sediment load of rivers, determining suitable river materials mining sizes according to the surplus materials of the river are the most important indicators affecting the optimal river materials mining. Conclusion The results of the general investigation of legal, technical, socio-economic and environmental factors indicate that the weakness of the legal components is the most effective factor in aggravating the negative consequences caused by the river materials mining. Lack of sufficient and effective supervision at the stage of issuing operating licenses, weakness in providing the infrastructure needed to enact laws and regulations, lack of price control laws and regulations are the most challenging issues among the criteria. Therefore, creating laws without parallel work, placing the regional water company in charge of all stages of issuing operating licenses, and establishing strict rules in dealing with violators and continuous monitoring of river materials mining operations can reduce the damages caused by the river materials mining in technical, socio-economic and environmental sectors also reduce.

Evaluation of the effect of environmental indicators on the yield and quality of Vetiver plant in soil and rangeland protection, case study: lateral slope of Sangar Dam reservoir, Siahkal County, Gilan Province

Sahel Haghighi; ZeinabY Jafarian; Mohamad Azadbakht; Forood Sharifi; Reza Tamartash

Volume 17, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 188-202

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365242.2053

Abstract

Extended abstractIntroductionFollowing the climate change of recent decades and the intensification of soil erosion and pollution, in many countries of the world, planting of a large area of Vetiver plant under the title of soil bioengineering has been considered for the protection of the environment ... Read More Extended abstractIntroductionFollowing the climate change of recent decades and the intensification of soil erosion and pollution, in many countries of the world, planting of a large area of Vetiver plant under the title of soil bioengineering has been considered for the protection of the environment and natural resources. Since Vetiver is a 4C plant, it has a high efficiency in energy conversion through photosynthesis. Its leaves and stems, when completely decomposed, create a compost containing brown, dark black and white materials. Vetiver compost has a high nutritional value for providing livestock fodder and a high biomass caloric value in the soil and microorganisms present in it. Among the important uses of Vetiver are soil protection due to its spreading and deep roots, use as fodder, plant purification properties, use of effective enzymes and hormones for soil maintenance on steep slopes, presence of active ingredients that can be used in the health, pharmaceutical and perfume industries, and its special feature in reducing CO2 (one plant can absorb 25% of excess carbon dioxide). Vetiver can be used as the most suitable protective wall on steep slopes of highways and side walls of dam reservoirs. By increasing the density of Vetiver roots in the soil, the degree of soil adhesion increases and the angle of internal friction of the soil decreases. It can be stated that the increase in the density of Vetiver roots is the reason for increasing the shear strength of the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the performance of this plant for different environmental conditions. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of better understanding the performance of this plant on the side slopes of the Sangar Dam reservoir in Siahkal County (Gilan Province). Materials and methodsIn this study, soil and Vetiver plant root sampling was carried out from a depth of 0-50 cm on the slope of the dam reservoir wall with different degrees of slopes of 30-40, 40-50, and 60-70 degrees in four replicates. A total of 12 untouched soil samples and 12 soil samples with Vetiver plant roots were sampled using steel rings and 12 Vetiver plant were sampled. Soil properties including soil texture using hydrometric method, soil moisture using gravimetric method, acidity using saturated mud method, electrical conductivity using extraction method and soil salinity with EC meter, organic matter, lime and potassium of soil were measured using film photometer in the laboratory. To investigate the effect of moisture and Vetiver roots on soil shear strength, laboratory direct shear measurement method was used. Vetiver root extracts were extracted separately by maceration method using methanol/water solvents (80/20) and the extracts were concentrated using a rotary device. Finally, the results of measuring soil properties, Vetiver root weight and plant root extracts were analyzed using ANOVA test, analysis of variance and comparison of means and SPSS software. Results and discussionVetiver planting on the side slopes of the Sangar-Gilan Dam reservoir has been done with the aim of preventing soil erosion, stabilizing the slopes and riverside slopes. Vetiver plant roots vertically penetrate deep into the soil. The development of root hairs of the Vetiver plant increases with the increase in the slope of the soil. The weight of the tension wires increases in proportion to the increase in the slope of the soil. Therefore, the characteristics of the weight of Vetiver plant roots and the weight of Vetiver plant root extract are affected by the characteristics of soil in steep slopes. There is a significant correlation and relationship between the soil properties and the weight of Vetiver root (Chrysopogon zizanioides) and the weight of plant root extract in the steep slope of Sangar Dam. The results showed that the weight of the roots of this plant increases with the increase of biological activities. On the side slopes of the Sangar-Gilan Dam reservoir, the diameter and weight of the roots were measured from the first level with a slope of 30-40 degrees, the second level with a slope of 40-50 degrees and the third level with a slope of 60-70 degrees. It has increased from the soil surface to a depth of 20 cm. The diameter of Vetiver plant roots increased in the first level 1.5 mm, the second level 2 mm and the third level 2.1 mm. The development of these roots and its deadly threads has increased the shear resistance of the soil in the first level by 20.74%, in the second level by 22.28% and in the third level by 25.95%. The roots of the Vetiver plant have led to an increase in the adhesion of soil particles and prevented the movement and sliding of the soil downstream of the side slope of the Sangar-Gilan Dam reservoir. ConclusionsThe results of this research showed that, in addition to strengthening pastures, fodder production, and the possibility of aromatic and industrial use, Vetiver planting has increased the shear resistance of the soil on the slope. In fact, the establishment of this plant leads to an increase in adhesion and shear strength of the soil. It seems that the Vetiver plant (Chrysopogon zizanioides) has the ability to consciously recognize and adapt to the planted environment and changes the density and weight of its roots in accordance with the change of slope for better establishment. Therefore, by increasing the root density (RAR), the internal friction angle of the soil is reduced and it becomes intelligently compatible with the environment. Considering the development of the root system of vetiver plant up to several meters in sloping slopes, it is a good choice to increase soil adhesion, increase shear resistance, and by rooting deep into the soil, it leads to preventing soil erosion and landslides. . It is suggested to plant vetiver plant on steep slopes due to its high adaptability in different climates and conditions, the possibility of several meters of root growth, to stabilize the soil and prevent sliding and erosion on steep slopes.

Developing a framework for assessing watershed vulnerability to flooding

Omid Rahmati; Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour; Bagher Ghermez Cheshme

Volume 17, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 203-220

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366400.2072

Abstract

Extended abstract Introduction Floods cause significant financial losses and loss of life in Iran every year and have detrimental effects on the sustainable development of watersheds. In terms of frequency, flood rank first among the world's natural disasters, and therefore studies related to flood ... Read More Extended abstract Introduction Floods cause significant financial losses and loss of life in Iran every year and have detrimental effects on the sustainable development of watersheds. In terms of frequency, flood rank first among the world's natural disasters, and therefore studies related to flood management are very important. Considering climate change and rainfall patterns in the country, in recent years, it has been observed that in addition to changing the rainfall regime from snow to rain, rainfall intensity has increased and sometimes the total annual rainfall of a watershed is discharged in two or three events, which, considering the saturation of soil moisture in these conditions, causes severe floods. On the other hand, due to the destruction of vegetation in the country's watersheds, conditions are available for surface runoff, and ultimately the probability of flooding in most watersheds of the country has increased. One of the pillars of flood risk management is paying attention to vulnerability, which includes several factors. The purpose of this research is to develop a scientific framework for assessing the vulnerability to flooding in the Zarrineh Watershed. Materials and methods In this research, various components including social, economic, organizational and infrastructural were considered to formulate the framework for assessing the watershed vulnerability to floods. For each of the components related to the above vulnerability, several thematic groups were defined, each of which included different variables. In the social vulnerability component, ‘percentage of illiterate population’, ‘percentage of children's and older population’, ‘the amount of cooperation and consultation’, and ‘population size’ were selected as variables. In terms of the economic vulnerability component, the variables of ‘percentage of mortgage or rent’, ‘the percentage of unemployment’, ‘percentage of population lacking vehicle’, and ‘percentage of supply dependency to the outside area’ were taken into consideration. The variables related to the component of institutional vulnerability were ‘without decision centers’ and ‘the percentage of cooperation with executive offices’. In addition, infrastructural vulnerability was investigated based on the variables of ‘percentage of residential units with low resistance’, ‘the percentage without telephone and mobile lines’, ‘percentage without internet access’, ‘the percentage of dirt roads’, and ‘percentage without health office’. After collecting the information of 18 villages of Zarineh Watershed from the relevant departments, as well as direct interviews with the residents of the watershed, the vulnerability of each village to floods was determined based on social, economic, institutional and infrastructure vulnerability indicators. Then, the total vulnerability index was calculated for each village and after its standardization at the scale of Zarineh Watershed, it was classified into five different groups: very low, low, medium, high and very high. Finally, the vulnerability index map of the entire Zarineh Watershed was produced. Results and discussion Based on the results, Chehelcheshmeh, Golchidar and Obatu districts have the highest degree of social vulnerability, while the lowest degree of social vulnerability was assigned to Sara and Boyen districts. In terms of economic situation, Chehelcheshmeh, Obatu and Golchidar districts are the most vulnerable and Miradeh and Boyen districts are the least vulnerable. In terms of organizational vulnerability, Sahib, Imam, Sera, Zolfaghar and Namashir districts had the lowest level of vulnerability, but Chehelcheshmeh and Obatu districts showed the highest vulnerability value. In terms of infrastructural vulnerability, Boyen and Namashir districts had the best situation (lowest value of infrastructure vulnerability index) and Golchidar and Chehelcheshmeh districts showed the most critical situation. Finally, based on the total vulnerability index map, it can be stated that Chehelcheshmeh, Golchidar, and Obatu districts were the most vulnerable, and Boyen, Namashir, and Zolfaghar districts had the lowest total vulnerability index. Conclusions Based on the findings of this research, the framework based on social, economic, organizational, and infrastructural conditions has made it possible to prepare a flood vulnerability map of the watershed. The variables considered in the calculation of the total vulnerability index are selected in such a way that they cover different aspects and their information can be collected. The framework compiled in this research is flexible and depending on the diverse conditions of the country's watersheds, it is possible to consider other variables. The vulnerability map of Zarineh Watershed has provided useful information for decision makers and managers in flood management. Improving the condition of different parts of the Zarineh Watershed requires detailed planning of the executive bodies in accordance with their social, economic, organizational, and infrastructural conditions.

Watershed management measures affecting local inhabitants livelihood improvement in the Baghamch Watershed, Chenaran County

Zobeideh Bidaki

Volume 17, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 221-234

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365254.2054

Abstract

Extended abstract Introduction Nowadays, the importance of water and soil resource management and environmental conservation has become one of the main concerns in developmental planning. Watershed management, as a comprehensive approach for sustainable management and utilization of water and soil ... Read More Extended abstract Introduction Nowadays, the importance of water and soil resource management and environmental conservation has become one of the main concerns in developmental planning. Watershed management, as a comprehensive approach for sustainable management and utilization of water and soil resources, plays a crucial role in improving the environmental, economic, and social conditions of various regions. The Baghamch Watershed in Chenaran County, with its unique geographical and climatic characteristics, has become one of the key areas for implementing watershed management projects. This area, with its valuable natural resources, particularly surface and groundwater, is highly impacted by climate change and human activities. Therefore, the improvement and preservation of these resources through effective watershed management measures not only contribute to environmental conservation but also have significant effects on enhancing the economic and social conditions of local communities. Watershed management can help improve rural livelihoods and strengthen the local economy by mitigating the negative effects of floods and droughts, improving soil and water quality, and creating new job opportunities. In this regard, understanding and evaluating these impacts in the Baghamch Watershed can serve as a model for similar regions and provide valuable information to policymakers and natural resource managers. This article examines the effects of watershed management on the improvement of the economic and social conditions of local communities in the Baghamch Watershed and aims to contribute to a clearer understanding of the benefits and challenges of this approach in sustainable development through data analysis and the outcomes of watershed management projects. It is hoped that the results of this study will help enhance management processes and improve the quality of life in local communities. Materials and methods This research was conducted with the aim of examining the effects of watershed management on the improvement of the economic and social conditions of local communities in the Baghamch Watershed of Chenaran County. Accordingly, the improvement of economic conditions was assessed using 15 items, and the improvement of social conditions was evaluated using 11 items, both of which were included in a questionnaire. The research method was documentary, and for the completion of the questionnaire, a survey method was employed. The statistical population consisted of 50 individuals selected as a convenient sample. The measurement tool was a questionnaire, whose reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.851. Using SPSS software, the data extracted from the questionnaires were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, variance, and skewness, were utilized to determine the extent of the effects of watershed management on improving the economic and social conditions of local communities in the Baghamch Watershed of Chenaran County. Results and discussion Considering the topic, watershed management in the Baghamch Watershed area has been able to, among the items related to the improvement of economic conditions mentioned in the questionnaire, significantly increase investment motivation in the agricultural sector, enhance the economic value of agricultural lands and orchards, and boost groundwater recharge, leading to an increase in the number of agricultural wells. These aspects were found to have the most impact. Among the items related to the improvement of social conditions, watershed management has effectively controlled and prevented flood damage to homes, agricultural lands, and orchards, and has also contributed to reducing poverty and unemployment in the village. Additionally, the participation of villagers can have a significant impact on the efficiency and success of watershed management operations in preserving and managing water and soil resources. Overall, the results showed that watershed management had a slightly greater impact on improving social conditions, with an average score of 2.587, compared to economic conditions, which had an average score of 2.502, in the local communities of the Baghamch Watershed. Conclusions The research results indicated that watershed management can be effective in the conservation and management of natural resources, including water and soil. In this context, the role of local communities should not be overlooked, as the participation of villagers can significantly influence the efficiency and success of watershed management operations in conserving and managing water and soil resources. In fact, the level of public participation in these projects largely depends on their satisfaction. The implementation of watershed management operations has led to improvements in economic conditions, such as increased cultivated land and agricultural and orchard areas, enhanced agricultural and orchard production, a rise in livestock numbers and pasture restoration, increased groundwater income, higher economic value of agricultural lands, and greater investment motivation, as well as the creation of job opportunities. Furthermore, watershed management operations have improved social conditions, including reduced migration rates, decreased poverty and unemployment, minimized flood damage to lands, homes, and communication routes, improved living standards, better tourism conditions, increased villagers' participation in implementation and supervision, heightened awareness of water management, and reduced social tensions in local communities.

A review of two decades of flood and drought hazards in Kerman Province

Elaheh Foroudi Sefat; Soudabeh Golestani Kermani; Marzieh Samare Hashemi; Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani

Volume 17, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 235-255

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366749.2077

Abstract

Extended abstract Introduction Nowadays, the effects of climate change are visible across the globe, with frequent flooding and droughts being among the most significant. These two phenomena have many harmful effects, including economic, social, and environmental issues. Despite the flood phenomenon ... Read More Extended abstract Introduction Nowadays, the effects of climate change are visible across the globe, with frequent flooding and droughts being among the most significant. These two phenomena have many harmful effects, including economic, social, and environmental issues. Despite the flood phenomenon that occurs instantly and intensely, the drought phenomenon gradually affects the regions. Flood and drought phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions, including Kerman Province, have caused many destructive damage. Therefore, this study collects information on floods and droughts over the past two decades in Kerman Province to utilize the results for managing these events. Materials and methods In the present review research, articles and reports related to flood and drought phenomena in Kerman Province (located in Iran) have been collected and studied, and in this regard, 49 practical articles in Persian (2004‒2024) and nine articles in English (2012‒2023) were analyzed. In a general classification, Kerman Province was divided into four regions based on the average latitude and longitude; respectively, the northwest and southeast regions accounted for 35% and 34% of citations and accounted for the largest amount of studies, and 73% of the sources of this research are related to studies of drought in the province, which shows the age of this phenomenon. In this study, 27% of the studies used questionnaires, and the most widely used statistical and analytical software used were SPSS statistical software with a share of 26% and GIS-based software with a share of 24%, respectively. Results and discussion Flood and drought phenomena in Kerman Province have been increasing in intensity and frequency in recent years compared to the past, and their impact on society cannot be denied. The reduction of atmospheric precipitation and the onset of drought phenomena in Kerman province began in 1998 and is always seen with a fluctuating trend (moderate to severe drought) in all parts of the province. For example, statistics recorded in the Tanguieh Dam in Sirjan show that the average rainfall in this region has decreased from 185 mm in 1986-1997 to 158 mm in the period 2001-2002. Also, the average inflow to the basin between 2005-2001 was about 63 million cubic meters per year, which decreased by 86% to 8 million cubic meters in the period 2001-2002, which is due to the occurrence of drought and the lack of proper exploitation of the dam's upstream structures. Also, statistics recorded from the Jiroft Dam show that the average rainfall in this region between 1991-2001 was 194 mm, and since 2001-2002 it has decreased by 23% to 150 mm. The average inflow into the basin between 1991-2002 was about 680 million cubic meters per year, which decreased by 80% to 130 million cubic meters during 2001-2002. Regarding the floods that occurred, based on the statistics recorded at the hydrometric stations of Kerman province, 2294 flood days were recorded during the water years 2002-2019, with the average of the highest measured discharge volume related to the flood on 11/30/2016 being 33.833 (m3/day) and the peak discharge (m3/h) being 1202 at the Yalakhari station of the Nisa River in Bam. Considering the increasing trend of the occurrence of the aforementioned phenomena in the province, this research reviewed the studies conducted to examine the factors affecting the occurrence, consequences and damages caused by them, and management strategies to reduce flood and drought risks. Conclusions The summary of the results shows that the greatest threat to Kerman Province is the phenomenon of drought, from which the entire province suffers. According to the results, the slope of the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), during the statistical period 1980-1995 was +0.046, indicating a decrease in drought in the province, and in the statistical periods 1997-2000 and 2001-2011, it was -0.031 and -0.01, respectively, indicating an increase in the severity of drought in recent years. The occurrence of floods is also increasing, and this phenomenon has caused the most damage in the northwest-southeast belt of the province and in the highlands. These two phenomena leave very destructive effects in various fields, with the greatest damage being on social issues, followed by economic and environmental issues. It should also be noted that floods and droughts are not two separate phenomena and must be examined and evaluated together in order to provide the most appropriate solutions to overcome them. Therefore, given the thought-provoking results of this research, it is necessary to provide detailed planning with a long-term perspective in the field of water resources management and to pay attention to fundamental changes and developments in water-related laws.

Analysis of the problems of the agricultural and natural resources research and education centers regarding watershed management and the existing scenarios (Technical Report)

jamal mosaffaie; Ataollah Ebrahimi; Mahmood Arabkhedri; Parviz Garshasbi; Amin Salehpour Jam; Mahmoudreza Tabatabaei; Hamidreza Peyrowan; Mohammadreza Gharibreza; Mehran Zand; Bagher Ghermez Cheshme

Volume 17, Issue 2 , June 2025, Pages 256-266

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.364792.2043

Abstract

Extended abstract Introduction In recent years, the country's watersheds have been exposed to man-made problems and sufferings such as erosion, floods, and droughts, leading to great yearly losses. To effectively manage watersheds, it is necessary to conduct appropriate and practical research, which ... Read More Extended abstract Introduction In recent years, the country's watersheds have been exposed to man-made problems and sufferings such as erosion, floods, and droughts, leading to great yearly losses. To effectively manage watersheds, it is necessary to conduct appropriate and practical research, which in turn requires solving the problems related to this area. To identify and determine the problems of the research department, getting the opinions of experts, researchers, and elites and thinking together with them is considered a suitable solution, which can later solve problems and problems. This article intends to analyze their problems in soil conservation and watershed management based on common thinking with the research and education centers of agriculture and natural resources of the country. Methods and materials For this purpose, these problems were collected based on the request of the SCWMRI from the agricultural and natural resources research and training centers of the province. Then, the announcements were categorized in two organizational and thematic ways (general and partial). In the organizational classification, each of the issues raised by the provinces was assigned to one of the departments according to their relationship with each of the organizational departments of the SCWMRI. In the subject classification, in the first stage, each of the issues raised by the provinces was assigned to three sub-sectors including research or technological, structural, and support, according to the nature of the subject. In the second stage, the issues raised by the provinces were assigned to more detailed categories according to the nature of the subject. Results and discussion The results indicate that in this survey, 25 out of 32 provincial centers (78% participation) have announced 182 cases as problems in the research department in soil conservation and watershed management. Thematic classification of the announced instances showed that the subjects of knowledge-based productivity of watershed resources, watershed monitoring and evaluation, and solving the gap in the research department with implementation have the most importance with 28, 26, and 25 cases (15%, 14%, and 13%), respectively. The results of organizational classification also indicate that the departments of the directorate and research departments of watershed management and hydrology and water resources development have the most importance with 34, 28, and 24 cases (19%, 15%, and 14%), respectively. Conclusion Based on the results of this research, the managers and decision-makers of the research and implementation departments of soil and watershed protection in the country will be able to have better targeting for their future policies, strategies, and actions.

Effect of sand on increased moisture in the root zone using two methods of irrigation

Volume 12, Issue 4 , January 2021, , Pages 994-1008

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2020.127982.1726

Abstract

Soil erosion is an important chalenge in arid and semi-arid regions which has a negative impact on soil productivity and lose soil. Improper management of natural resources causes soil erosion. This reaearch was implemented in the north of Sistan and its aim was to idintyfy the effect of sand on increased ... Read More

Effect of drought on groundwater resources in order to optimize utilization management, case study: Plain Alashtar

Volume 6, Issue 1 , May 2014, , Pages 10-20

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2014.101733

Abstract

Drought is the most hazardous natural phenomenon. Although not preventable, its negative effects can be reduced through taking some measures. One of the systems severely affected by drought while less considered is the groundwater. In this study, drought status and its impact on groundwater resources ... Read More

Considering the ability of Cs-137 method application to calculate soil sediment and deposition in Taseran watershed of Kabodar Ahang

Volume 3, Issue 2 , August 2011, , Pages 94-101

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2011.101920

Abstract

Due to the importance of water erosion in reducing soil fertility many studies have been done on the quantity of this destructive phenomenon. Tamura and Rogowosky found a meaningful relation between water erosion and Cs-137 loss in soil matrix. This report was the first of application of Cs-137 method ... Read More

Developing WEAP an integrated water resources model for modeling in drought conditions

Volume 7, Issue 1 , April 2015, , Pages 85-97

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2015.100954

Abstract

One of the most important problems of water resources operation systems, specifically surface reservoirs in confronting hydrologic variability, is considering drought phenomenon effects on operation methods. As well as flow variations relative to average flow, duration of the drought is another ... Read More

ASAR and PALSAR sensors assessment for landslide detection, ‎monitoring using differential interferometry in Zagros Mountains

Volume 6, Issue 3 , November 2014, , Pages 288-301

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2014.101711

Abstract

Launching satellites with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors onboard, purposely built for differential interferometry (D-InSAR) applications opened new opportunities for mapping and monitoring slow ground deformations and even high speed landslides, for the updating of regional landslide inventories ... Read More

Evaluation of Ecosystem Health of Meyghan Wetland of Arak

seid omid aleyasin; bahman shamsesfandabad; Hamid Toranjzar; abas ahmadi; Shahro Mokhtari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 September 2021

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2021.353494.1879

Abstract

Abstract: Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. They provide a unique and rich habitat for creature .they also perform a wide range of economic and service functions such as water conservation, runoff regulation, water quality treatment and recreational services. The aim of ... Read More

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Estimation of spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture with ground penetrating radar(GPR)

mohammad taghi heydari; Hosseinali Bahrami; , alireza aliyari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2022.352582.1857

Abstract

Soil moisture is one of the fundamental parameters of the environment that is directly influenced by plant life, animal and activity of micro-organisms and plays a major role in energy exchanges between air and soil. Determination of the exact amount of soil moisture content in agricultural, hydrology ... Read More

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Qualitative study of river water using Hilsenhoff biological index (Case study: Babolrood watershed)

mehri raoofi; Mahmoud Habibnejad Roshan; Kaka Shahedi; Fatemeh Kardel

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2022.356556.1926

Abstract

Rivers are the main arteries of watersheds that play an important role in providing water for agriculture, drinking and industry. On the other hand, the reduction of river water quality has been one of the biggest human concerns in the last century. In order to evaluate the quality of running water, ... Read More

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Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal changes in historical and future extreme temperature events in Iran under the influence of climate change

Morteza Miri; Mehran Zand; Mohammadreza Kousari; Mojtaba Rahimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366334.2071

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the spatial-temporal variations of extreme temperature events in Iran. The data used in this study includes the daily average maximum and minimum temperatures from 123 synoptic stations during the observational period from 1988 to 2017. Additionally, it ... Read More

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Tolerable Erosion: Concepts and estimation methods suitable for Iran's conditions

yahya parvizi; Zahra Gerami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365322.2055

Abstract

Estimates made in the country indicate the annual waste of about one billion cubic meters of soil from the country's land resources. Although the economic valuation of this volume of soil resource loss is difficult, but considering the fragile balance of ecosystems in the country's land resources, it ... Read More

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Evaluating the effectiveness of developing of Hybrid Artificial Neural Network Models and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm for estimating of Suspended Sediment in Selected hydrometric stations of Ardabil province

Seyed Ahmad Hosseini; Ahmad Tabatabaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366963.2082

Abstract

AbstractCorrect estimation of the suspended sediment content of rivers plays an important role in studies of erosion and sediment, hydrology, and watershed management. Simulation of suspended sediment in hydrological systems with a high degree of uncertainty and yet, our understanding of the components ... Read More AbstractCorrect estimation of the suspended sediment content of rivers plays an important role in studies of erosion and sediment, hydrology, and watershed management. Simulation of suspended sediment in hydrological systems with a high degree of uncertainty and yet, our understanding of the components and processes within them is faced with uncertainties, causing many applications of intelligent models, including artificial neural networks. However, the use of these intelligent models is also facing challenges. Determining the appropriate network structure requires optimizing the parameters used (such as the optimal number of neurons and layers, weight and bias, and the type of activation functions) so that their proper calibration by trial and error, while low efficiency, results in time-consuming. In the present study, in order to simulate the daily suspended sediment load in selected watersheds of Ardabil province, including the Sarab Gharasu watershed (Ghorchai and Hirchai Rivers), a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network was used. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to train the neural network model, in addition to the conventional error propagation method, and to optimize the weight and bias values of neural network model neurons. Also, the self-organizing map clustering method was used to increase the generalization power of the models. The results of the present study showed that training of neural network models with the PSO algorithm in all selected rivers was more efficient than neural network models which use only the error propagation method. Since evolutionary algorithms (such as PSO algorithm) can provide suitable solutions for the optimization of neural network parameters, their application in training neural network models can be a good solution to improve the efficiency of smart models in simulating suspended sediment of rivers and using its results in the progress of watershed structures and water resources operations.

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Investigating the tourism value of geotourism landscapes in the Hablehroud watershed using the Prolong model

Maryam Sabouri; Haydeh Ara; Mohammad Kia Kianian; Amin Salehpour Jam

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.367385.2086

Abstract

Over the past decades, excessive and unprincipled exploitation of watershed resources (soil, water, and vegetation) has reduced their health. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the tourism value of geomorphotourist landscapes (case study: Hablehroud basin) using the Prolong model. Among ... Read More

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Analysis of near future climate extreme events in Fars Province

parsa haghighi; Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour; Sohrab Sadeghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.367920.2092

Abstract

Climate change and global warming can directly affect climate extremes and the temporal and spatial variations of these events. In this study, in order to analyze the trend of near-future climate extreme events in Fars Province, the ACCESS-ESM1-5 model related to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report and ... Read More

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Identifying and prioritizing reactive and proactive solutions to improve the health of the Kal-Aji watershed using the DPSIR framework and non-parametric statistical tests

Amin Salehpour Jam; Jamal Mosaffaie

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368665.2103

Abstract

In this study, problem structuring and identification and prioritization of solutions to improve the health of the Kal-Aji watershed were carried out based on the DPSIR framework and non-parametric statistical tests. In the first stage, the drivers and pressures resulting in the health status of the ... Read More

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Effects of tillage practice and crop residue retention on soil organic carbon, bulk density and soil aggregate size distribution in Kermanshah Province, Iran

Mosayeb Heshmati; Mohamad Gheitury; Yahya Parvizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368337.2097

Abstract

Tillage is a common worldwide agricultural practice impacts soil quality, Thus, there is the worst practice contributing in soil quality depletion, carbon flux and crop yield decline. In order to study the effect of different tillage and crop residue retention on some soil characteristics, an experiment ... Read More

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Land subsidence hazard assessment and zoning in watersheds of Isfahan province using persistent scatterers artificial aperture radar interferometry (PSInSAR)

kourosh shirani; Mehrdad Pasandi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.367922.2091

Abstract

In this study the Sentinel-1 satellite data (ascending, descending, and combined modes) and PSInSAR technique were utilized to assess and map land subsidence risk in major watersheds of Isfahan Province, including Isfahan-Borkhar, Najafabad, Northern Mahyar, Southern Mahyar, and Kuhpayeh-Sejzi. The Sentinel-1 ... Read More In this study the Sentinel-1 satellite data (ascending, descending, and combined modes) and PSInSAR technique were utilized to assess and map land subsidence risk in major watersheds of Isfahan Province, including Isfahan-Borkhar, Najafabad, Northern Mahyar, Southern Mahyar, and Kuhpayeh-Sejzi. The Sentinel-1 radar data (2014 to 2023) were used, including ascending and descending imagery, to resolve displacement ambiguities caused by directional movement. Initial data processing involved co-registration of radar images to align pixels accurately and generate interferograms for phase change extraction. Persistent scatterers (PS) were identified using the Amplitude Dispersion Index (ADI) and phase stability analysis. Atmospheric and orbital errors were corrected using statistical models and inversion techniques to eliminate biases. Temporal analysis of ground displacement was conducted to calculate deformation trends, with data georeferenced for spatial interpretation. Validation was carried out by comparing results with ground-based data and independent sources. Final outputs included cumulative subsidence maps, annual subsidence rates, and risk zoning maps highlighting areas prone to land subsidence. The findings reveal that subsidence in the study area ranged from negligible to 55 cm over the nine-year observation period. Annual subsidence rates in parts of the Isfahan-Borkhar and Southern Mahyar watersheds reached 60 mm per year. Combining ascending and descending data improved accuracy and enabled the separation of vertical and horizontal displacement components. The highest cumulative subsidence was observed in urban and agricultural zones of Isfahan-Borkhar and in clayey sediment areas within Southern Mahyar. Hazard zoning maps indicate that Isfahan-Borkhar and Southern Mahyar watersheds have the largest areas classified as high-risk. Other watersheds predominantly exhibit moderate to low-hazard zones. The maps demonstrate a strong correlation between severe subsidence and land use (urban and agricultural areas) as well as geological features. Future research should focus on continuous monitoring and the development of predictive subsidence models to address this issue effectively.

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Evaluation of the watershed management measures effects on the peak discharge of the paired watershed of Zidasht Taleghan, Alborz province

Majid Kazemzadehk; Ali Shahbazi; Zahra Noori; Asghar Bayat

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.367675.2089

Abstract

Extended abstractIntroductionIn the last few decades, the increasing trend of natural hazards and the destruction of natural resources under the influence of natural and human factors have become increasingly intense. One of the important methods in controlling and reducing surface runoff to adjust peak ... Read More

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The effectiveness of rainwater harvesting on controlling the phenomenon of desiccation and soil in forests of Kermanshah province, Iran

Mohammad Gheitury; Mosayeb Heshmati

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368682.2104

Abstract

The dieback phenomenon of oak (Quercus sp.) cause imbalance of land resources, increasing dust, soil erosion, flooding, climate change, and poverty of local communities. The objectives of this research was to determine the effects of the runoff harvesting system (crescent-shaped bunds) to combat forest ... Read More The dieback phenomenon of oak (Quercus sp.) cause imbalance of land resources, increasing dust, soil erosion, flooding, climate change, and poverty of local communities. The objectives of this research was to determine the effects of the runoff harvesting system (crescent-shaped bunds) to combat forest dieback severity and improving soil quality in the Merek watershed, Kermanshah province, Iran. After constructing bunds, soil moisture was measured for three years (1400-1403). Furthermore, soil sampling carried out and subjected to soil analysis. Dead trees were counted in certain plots, and aboveground cover was also estimated. The results explored soil moisture in top soil (0-15 cm) bottom, downwards and between the bound as well as the control (without bund) were about 20, 17, 14 and 13%, respectively, which was significantly higher in the bund bottom. In deeper layer (15-30 cm) these respective value was about 20, 17, 14 and 13%, respectively, which was significantly higher bottom bund. Accordingly, soil organic matter in the third year in bunds and control treatments was 4.1 and 1.6%, respectively. In addition, bunds contributed to significant increase in very coarse soil aggregates, cation exchange capacity and soil nutrients. Finally, increasing soil organic matter and runoff accumulation in bunds reduced soil erodibility and adversely soil sustainability due to redaction soil erodibility index (0.19) compared to control treatments (0.32). According to the results of this research, the proper and precise construction of these bunds whiteout the use of heavy machinery is a simple, cheap, and effective method for harvesting rainwater causing soil moisture storage and subsequently enhancement of plant biological growth as well as improvement the key soil characteristics, including organic matter, increasing the proportion of coarse aggregates, bulk density, and soil nutrients, which leads to soil sustainable, carbon sequestration, curtailing flooding hazards on the hill-slope, and strengthening subsurface flow.

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Prediction of Meteorological Drought Index Using the Combination of FCMR Model with Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms (Case Study: Khuzestan Province)

Sadaf Piri; Mohamad ansarighojghar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368955.2110

Abstract

Meteorological drought is one of the major hazards and anomalies in the country, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In the context of comprehensive watershed management, accurate and timely drought forecasting is of great importance. This is a necessity, especially in sensitive and vulnerable ... Read More

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Management Responses to Improve the Health of Ilam Dam Watershed Using the DPSIR Approach

Ehsan Fathi; MohammadReza Ekhtesasi; Ali Talebi; jamal mosaffaie

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.367668.2088

Abstract

Introduction and Objective: Understanding the damages and their causes in watersheds is a fundamental and essential step in watershed management, setting the stage for identifying suitable solutions and implementing targeted actions in these areas. The objective of this study is to explore management ... Read More

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Spatial assessment and analysis of hydrological ecosystem services in the Neyshabur watershed using the InVEST software

Asma Badameh; Mahmood Azari; Ali Golkarian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368355.2098

Abstract

Hydrological processes, as part of ecosystem services in drylands, are crucial for effective management and decision-making to preserve ecosystems. Quantitative assessment of ecosystem services is essential for defining various management strategies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to Spatial ... Read More

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Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Surface Water Quality Estimation in The Cham Anjir watershed

Maryam AriaSadr; Dariush Rahimi; Mehran Zand; Hadi Amiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368639.2102

Abstract

Water quality is an important indicator of health. Determining water quality requires expensive tests. In this research, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Classification And Regression Tree (CART) algorithms have been evaluated. To calibrate the techniques, 321 test samples of physical-chemical elements ... Read More

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Design and Development of a Specialized Spatial System for the Management and Analysis of Suspended Sediment Data and Flow Discharge at Country Hydrometric Station

Mahmoudreza Tabatabaei; Amin Salehpour Jam; Jamal Mosaffaie

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368771.2109

Abstract

In watershed areas, monitoring and assessing erosion and sedimentation processes are crucial, as these processes directly impact the quality and quantity of water resources. The design and construction of advanced systems, such as a specialized geographic information system for the country’s hydrometric ... Read More In watershed areas, monitoring and assessing erosion and sedimentation processes are crucial, as these processes directly impact the quality and quantity of water resources. The design and construction of advanced systems, such as a specialized geographic information system for the country’s hydrometric stations, can significantly enhance watershed management research.This study developed a specialized geographic system for managing and analyzing hydrological data using the C# programming language and open-source spatial libraries. The system uses SQLite as a data storage platform and employs Entity Framework 6 (EF6) and LINQ to facilitate data management and extraction. It can perform various spatial and descriptive queries and analyses, as well as statistical analyses and summaries from sedimentation data.The results can be summarized in two sections: the design and construction of the system, and the statistical analysis of sedimentation data from the Aras basin. The statistical analysis of sedimentation data (26,156 recorded data points until 2017) indicates that at the watershed scale, the average daily suspended sediment discharge is 11,814.95 tons per day, the average suspended sediment concentration is 4,185.68 mg per liter, and the average instantaneous flow discharge is 13.16 cubic meters per second.At the study unit scale, the average maximum and minimum suspended sediment discharge correspond to the Jolfa-Duzal unit (code 1105) with 10,312.33 tons per day and the Qareh Ziyaldin unit (code 1108) with 991.96 tons per day, respectively. Additionally, at the hydrometric station scale, the average maximum and minimum daily suspended sediment discharge correspond to the Jolfa station (code 807-19) with 571,697.82 tons per day and the Naur-Exit Neur station (code 0195-19) with 2.82 tons per day.This research aims to develop a national software infrastructure for managing sedimentation data and flow discharge from the country’s hydrometric stations.

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Analysis of Decadal Variations in Seasonal Cloud Cover Distribution in Spring, Autumn, and Winter Over Iran

Fatemeh Heydari; Foroogh Golkar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 July 2025

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2025.368751.2107

Abstract

Climate change has had a significant impact on atmospheric events, including the formation and distribution of clouds. Clouds play a vital role in the Earth's energy balance, and changes in their properties can produce different feedbacks on global warming. The aim of this study is to investigate the ... Read More Climate change has had a significant impact on atmospheric events, including the formation and distribution of clouds. Clouds play a vital role in the Earth's energy balance, and changes in their properties can produce different feedbacks on global warming. The aim of this study is to investigate the seasonal spatial- temporal significant changes in Total Cloud Cover (TCC) during six decades over Iran. The TCC variations during spring, autumn, and winter were compared in 6 decades based on gridded data and statistical methods, identifying significant changes over Iran.Monthly reanalysis data of TCC were extracted from ECMWF, ERA5 version, with a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The study period spans 60 years, from 1961 to 2021. Seasonal TCC time series were generated by averaging monthly data (three months per season) over the 60-year period. For each season, decadal TCC values were compared at each grid point. The significance of TCC differences between each decade and the compared decade was determined using the Mann-Whitney test, with random event repetition excluded through the Monte Carlo method with 10,000 iterations at a 95% confidence level. The results indicated that spring TCC significantly increased in the southern and southwestern regions of Iran, while a notable decrease was observed in the northeastern, eastern, and southeastern regions. In autumn, significant changes were limited to small areas in the north, with most regions showing no considerable variation. However, in winter, a widespread reduction in cloud cover was observed over the country, particularly in the Zagros and southwestern regions. This decrease was more pronounced in the sixth decade (2011-2021) compared to previous decades, encompassing regions with moderate to high cloud cover. The findings of this study are highly significant in the context of climate change, particularly regarding the Earth's energy balance and precipitation patterns, which require further investigation.

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Number of Volumes	17
Number of Issues	66
Number of Articles	743
Number of Contributors	1,596
Article View	681,313
PDF Download	569,295
View Per Article	916.98
PDF Download Per Article	766.21
Acceptance Rate	35
Average First Action (Day)	2
Average Review Date (Day)	30
Average Time to Accept (Day)	150
Average Time to Publish (After Acceptance) (Day)	180
Number of Indexing Databases	5

Volume 17 (2025-2026)

Volume 16 (2024-2025)

Volume 15 (2023-2024)

Volume 14 (2022-2023)

Volume 13 (2021-2022)

Volume 12 (2020-2021)

Volume 11 (2019-2020)

Volume 10 (2018-2019)

Volume 9 (2017-2018)

Volume 8 (2016-2017)

Volume 7 (2015-2016)

Volume 6 (2014-2015)

Volume 5 (2013-2014)

Volume 4 (2012-2013)

Volume 3 (2011-2012)

Volume 2 (2010-2011)

Volume 1 (2009-2010)

Journal Features

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Indexing and Abstracting

Keywords Cloud