با همکاری انجمن آبخیزداری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران

2 استاد، بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه
تغییرات اقلیمی و پیامدهای آن یکی از مهم‌ترین دغدغه‌های سازمان‏‌های مرتبط با کشاورزی و محیط زیست در سطح جهان است. کمبود آب و کاهش رطوبت خاک مهم‌ترین پیامد این روند در مناطق خشک و نیمه‏‌خشک محسوب می‏شود. که یکی از پیامدهای تغیییر اقلیم پدیده خشکیدگی جنگل‏‌های بلوط غرب (.Quercus sp) است. این موضوع می‌تواند موجب برهم‌‌زدن توازن منابع سرزمین در منطقه زاگرس شود که پیامد آن تخریب منابع سرزمین، افزایش ریزگردها، فرسایش خاک، سیلاب، تغییرات اقلیمی و فقر جوامع محلی است.
مواد و روش
 یکی از راهکارهای اساسی در این زمینه حفظ رطوبت خاک در دامنه با استفاده از سامانه‏‌های سطوح آبگیر باران از قبیل بانکت‏‌های منقطع و هلالی شکل است. هدف مهم این پژوهش تعیین نقش سامانه بانکت هلالی در جمع‌آوری رواناب سطحی برای کنترل پدیده خشکیدگی جنگل‌‏های بلوط غرب است. برای دستیابی به این هدف، ابتدا سایت جنگلی حوزه آبخیز مرک استان‏ کرمانشاه که پدیده خشکیدگی گونه‌‌های جنگلی در آن مشاهده شد، انتخاب شد. سپس سامانه‌‌های سطوح آبگیر باران شامل بانکت‏‌ها هلالی در این عرصه جنگلی احداث شد و در کنار آن محدوده‌‌ای با شرایط مشابه به‌‌عنوان سایت شاهد تعیین شد. بعد از احداث بانکت‏‌ها به‌‏وسیله اداره کل منابع طبیعی استان، زمان داده‌‌برداری از سایت جنگلی به مدت سه سال (1403-1400) بود که شامل داده‌‌برداری متوالی ماهانه از تغییرات اندازه خاکدانه‌‌ها، ماده آلی، کربن آلی و اسیدیته خاک همراه با اندازه‌‌گیری درصد رطوبت خاک انجام  شد.
 
نتایج و بحث
نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که در میان چهار نقطه اندازه‌‏گیری رطوبت خاک که شامل کف بانکت، پایاب بانکت، بین بانکت و شاهد (بدون بانکت) میزان ذخیره رطوبت لایه زیرین (15 تا 30 سانتی‏‌متری) به‌ترتیب حدود 20، 17، 14 و 13 درصد بود که به‏‌طور معنی‏‌داری در تیمار بانکت بیشتر از شاهد بود. نتایج این پژوهش همچنین نشان داد که میزان ذخیره کربن آلی خاک در سال سوم در تیمار بانکت و شاهد به‌ترتیب 4.01  و 6.1 درصد بود که به‏‌طور معنی‏‌داری با هم تفاوت داشتند. علاوه‏‌بر این، بانکت‏‌ها موجب افزایش معنی‏‌دار خاکدانه‌‏های درشت و خیلی درشت خاک شدند. مجموعه شرایط فوق موجب شد که ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، عناصر غذایی اصلی و برخی عناصر ریزمغذی نیز در محدوده اجرای بانکت‌‏ها بهبود یابد. در نهایت، افزایش ماده آلی خاک تجمع رواناب در بانکت‏‌ها موجب کاهش فرسایش‌‏پذیری خاک و تثبیت آن در مقابل عوامل فرسایندگی شد، به‏‌طوری‌‌که شاخص فرسایش‌‏پذیری در تیمارهای بانکت و شاهد به‌ترتیب حدود 0.19  و 0.32 بود.
 
نتیجه‌‌گیری
با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش، احداث اصولی و دقیق این بانکت‏‌ها بدون استفاده از ماشین‌‏آلات سنگین، روشی ساده، ارزان و مؤثر در استحصال آب باران است که علاوه‌‌بر ذخیره رطوبت و تقویت شاخص‏‌های بیولوژیکی گیاهان، موجب بهبود ویژگی‌‏های کلیدی خاک ازجمله آلی، افزایش نسبت خاکدانه‏‌های درشت، جرم مخصوص ظاهری و عناصر غذایی شود که در نهایت منجر به پایداری خاک، ترسیب کربن آلی، کاهش سیل‌خیزی در دامنه و تقویت جریان زیر قشری خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effectiveness of rainwater harvesting on controlling the phenomenon of desiccation and soil in forests of Kermanshah Province, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Gheitury 1
  • Mosayeb Heshmati 2

1 Associate Professor, Kermanshah Center for Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran

2 Professor, Professor, Kermanshah Center for Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Climate change and its consequences are among the most important concerns for agriculture and the environmental organizations worldwide. Water scarcity and decline soil moisture are the most significant consequences of this trend in arid and semiarid region. One of the consequences of climate change is the phenomenon of oak forest dieback in western Iran (Quercus persica). This issue can disrupt the balance of land resources in the Zagros region, leading to consequences such as degradation of land resources, increased dust storm, soil erosion, flooding, climate change, and impoverishment of local communities.
 
Materials and methods
One of the fundamental solutions in this regard is to maintain soil moisture on slopes using rainwater harvesting systems, such as interrupted and crescent-shaped bunds. The key objective of this research is to determine the role of crescent-shaped bund systems in collecting surface runoff to control the phenomenon of oak forest dieback in western Iran. To achieve this goal, the Merek forest watershed in Kermanshah province where dieback of forest species has been observed, was selected as the study site. Subsequently, rainwater harvesting systems, including crescent-shaped bunds, were constructed in this forest area. Additionally, a nearby site with similar conditions was designated as the control site for comparison. After the construction of the bunds by the Department of Natural Resources of the province, data collection from the forest site was carried out over a three-year period (2022–2024), this included monthly monitoring of changes in soil aggregate size, organic matter, organic carbon, and soil pH, along with measurements of soil moisture percentage.
 
Results and discussion
The results of this study explored that among the four soil moisture measurement points, including the bottom of bund, bund downwards, between the bund and the control (without bund), soil moisture storage in sub layer (15 to 30 cm) were about 20, 17, 14 and 13 percent, respectively, which was significantly higher in the bund bottom compeered with control plot. The results of this study also showed that in the third year, the soil organic carbon storage in the bund treatment and the control treatment was 4.01% and 1.6%, respectively, indicating a statistically significant difference between them. In addition, the bunds significant increase the proportion of large and very large soil aggregates. The combination of these conditions led to improvements in cation exchange capacity, essential nutrient elements, and some micronutrients within the area where the bunds were implemented. Finally, the increase in soil organic matter and the accumulation of runoff in the bunds reduced soil erodibility and stabilized it against erosive factors. As a result, the erodibility index in the bund treatment and the control treatment was approximately 0.19 and 0.32, respectively.
 
Conclusions
According to the results of this research, the proper and precise construction of these bunds without the use of heavy machinery is a simple, economic and effective measure for rainwater harvesting, In addition to soil moisture storage and enhancement of plant biological indicators, it improves key soil characteristics mainly soil organic matter, coarse soil aggregates proportion and soil nutrients, which ultimately leads to soil sustainable, carbon sequestration, curtailing flooding hazards on the hill-slope, and strengthening subsurface flow.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bulk density
  • Coarse aggregate
  • Forest dieback
  • Bunds bottom
  • Soil erodibillity
  • Soil moisture
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