مهندسی و مدیریت آبخیز

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واکاوی ویژگی‌های آبخیزداری مطلوب در مطالعات تفصیلی-اجرایی آبخیزداری حوزه آبخیز دفت‌آباد خراسان جنوبی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع ‎طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

2 دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع‎طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

3 پژوهشگر پسادکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع‎طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

4 دانشجویان دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع‎طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

چکیده

چکیده مبسوط
مقدمه
امروزه تخریب منابع طبیعی، احتمال کمبود و بحران منابع موردنیاز برای رفاه انسان را افزایش داده است. ازاین‌رو، برای جلوگیری از تخریب بیشتر زمین، توسعه سیاست‌ها و راهبردهای مؤثر ضرورت پیدا کرده است. در این راستا، هرساله هزینه‌های قابل‌توجهی صرف حفاظت از منابع طبیعی و مهار روند تخریب آنها در قالب مطالعات و پروژه‌های اجرایی می‌شود که در بیشتر موارد از استاندارد مطلوب برخوردار نبوده و نیازمند یک برنامه جامع و نظام‌مند است. در همین ارتباط، مدیریت آبخیز کشور با مشکلات و چالش‌های فراوانی مواجه است که برای رفع آن بایستی رویکردهای جدید مدیریت جامع حوزه‌های آبخیز با در نظر گرفتن تمامی جنبه‌های مؤثر و تأثیرگذار بر آبخیزها مدنظر قرار گیرد.
 
مواد و روش‌­ها
در این پژوهش، ابتدا بازخوانی مطالعات تفصیلی-اجرایی حوزه آبخیز دفت‌آباد خراسان جنوبی با هدف شناخت مشکلات آبخیز انجام شد. همچنین، بازدیدهای لازم برای شناخت هرچه بیشتر آبخیز صورت گرفت. سپس، فهرست مشکلات و چالش‌های منطقه تهیه و در ساختار استخوان ماهی جانمایی شد. در ادامه، ارکان مدیریت جامع حوزه آبخیز مشتمل بر شش رکن قانونی، سیاستی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و دانش مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در ادامه جایگاه این آبخیز در نردبان مدیریت آبخیز تعیین شد. در نهایت، به‌منظور بررسی لحاظ جامعیت رویکردهای مذکور، ویژگی‌های آبخیزداری مطلوب در مطالعات تفصیلی-اجرایی بررسی شد. در انتها نیز راهکارهای اجمالی لازم برای بهبود مطالعات تفصیلی-اجرایی ارائه شده است.
 
نتایج و بحث
ارزیابی نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد، اگرچه مطالعات پژوهشی و واحد مدیریتی آبخیز در حوزه آبخیز لحاظ شده اما عدم کاربست رویکرد سلامت و پایداری آبخیز سبب شده است تا آبخیز دفت‌‎آباد در پله پژوهشی-اجرایی از نردبان آبخیز قرار گیرد. همچنین، رویکردهای کنونی مدیریت آبخیز دفت‌‎آباد با چالش‌های جدی مواجه است. عوامل متعددی ازجمله الگوهای نامناسب مدیریت، تغییرات اقلیمی، عدم مشارکت فعال جوامع محلی، کمبود سرمایه‌گذاری، عدم بهره‌برداری از فرصت‌های اقتصادی و توانمندی‌‌های منطقه و مسائل اقتصادی-اجتماعی موجود این آبخیز را در معرض آسیب‌پذیری جدی قرار داده است. همچنین، عدم ارزیابی نیازهای مختلف جمعتی به خصوص نیازهای بانوان در رده‌های مختلف سنی سبب شده است تا راهکارهای مختلف مدیریت جمعیت در کوتاه و بلند مدت دیده نشود. از طرفی دیگر، بهره‌گیری از توانمندی‌های اقتصادی آبخیزها در راستای تولید محصولات، بازاریابی محصولات تولید‌شده و گسترش بوم‌گردی می‌تواند فقر عمومی را کاهش داده و تقویت اقتصادی جوامع محلی را در پی داشته باشد. به‌طور‌کلی، با رعایت رویکردهای اشاره شده در این پژوهش و ارتقای مطالعات تفصیلی-اجرایی می‌توان روند فعلی آبخیزها را بهبود بخشید و از هدررفت منابع آب‌و‌خاک و مهاجرت بی‌وقفه مردم به شهرهای بزرگ‌تر و مشکلات محیط‌زیستی کاست. لذا، این برنامه نیازمند مشارکت فعال همه گروداران ازجمله دولت، بخش خصوصی، سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد و جوامع محلی در طراحی و اجراست. تقویت مشارکت جوامع محلی، سیاست‌گذاری و برنامه‌ریزی متناسب با سلامت و پایداری حوضه، سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش‌های مختلف و زیرساخت‌ها، حمایت از گروه‌های آسیب‌پذیر و همچنین توجه به دانش بومی و تجربیات محلی در کنار استفاده از دانش علمی و تخصصی می‌تواند به موفقیت این برنامه کمک شایانی کند.
 
نتیجه­‌گیری
این پژوهش با تأکید بر ضرورت اتخاذ رویکردی جامع و مشارکتی، راه‌کارهای لازم برای بهبود مدیریت آبخیز دفت‌آباد را ارائه داده است. رویکرد‌های ارائه‌‎شده و نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند برای مدیران و سیاست‌گذاران حوزه منابع طبیعی و به‎ویژه آبخیزداری مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. براین اساس پیشنهاد می­‌شود مدیران و برنامه‌ریزان در رده‌های مختلف مدیریتی ضمن توجه هرچه بیشتر به مشارکت جوامع محلی، ارزیابی، پایش و سنجش اثرات طرح‌های اجراشده را در اولویت قرار دهد تا در بلندمدت بتوانند همزمان با حفظ و احیاء آبخیزهای سالم، از مهاجرت آبخیزنشینان به شهرهای همجوار و بروز مشکلات متعدد در آنها جلوگیری کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of desirable characteristics of watershed management in detailed-implementation studies of the watershed management, case study: Daftabad Watershed, South Khorasan, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi 1
  • Roghayeh Alipour 2
  • Hasan Fereydoni 2
  • Fatemeh Zahra Enayati 2
  • Alireza Pakravan 2
  • Reza Yaghoti 2
  • Mitra Moradnezhad 2
  • Fatemeh Esmailzadeh Ashini 2
  • Fatemeh Abdolbaghi 2
  • Sahar Mousavian 2
  • Reza Chamani 3
  • Marjan Bahlekeh 4
  • Hamed Beigi 4

1 Professor, Department of Watershed Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

2 M.Sc. Students in Watershed Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

3 Postdoctoral Fellow in Watershed Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

4 Ph.D. Students in Watershed Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

چکیده [English]

Extended abstract
Introduction
Today, the destruction of natural resources has increased the possibility of shortages and crises of resources needed for human well-being. Therefore, to prevent further land degradation, it has become necessary to develop effective policies and strategies. In this regard, significant costs are spent every year on protecting natural resources and controling their degradation in the form of studies and executive projects, which in most cases do not meet the desired standard and require a comprehensive and systematic plan. In this regard, the country's watershed management faces many problems and challenges, which must be addressed by new approaches to comprehensive watershed management, taking into account all effective and influential aspects of watersheds.
 
Materials and methods
In this research, first, a review of the detailed-executive studies of the Daftabad Watershed in South Khorasan Province, Iran was conducted with the aim of identifying the problems of the watershed. Also, the necessary visits were made to understand the watershed as much as possible. Then, a list of the problems and challenges of the region was prepared and placed in a fishbone diagram. The study evaluated the six pillars of comprehensive watershed management, viz., legal, policy, economic, social, cultural, and knowledge, and addressed their position in the watershed management ladder.
 
Results and discussion
The research evaluation shows that although research studies and a watershed management unit have been included in the watershed, the failure to implement a watershed health and sustainability approach has caused the Daft Abad Watershed to be placed on the research-implementation rung of the watershed ladder. The research assessment shows that current approaches to managing the Daftabad Watershed face serious challenges. Several factors, including inappropriate management patterns, climate change, lack of active participation of local communities, lack of investment, lack of exploitation of economic opportunities and capabilities of the region, and existing socio-economic issues, have exposed this watershed to serious vulnerability. Also, the lack of assessment of the various needs of the population, especially the needs of women in different age groups, has led to the lack of various solutions for population management in the short- and long-term. On the other hand, utilizing the economic capabilities of the Daft Abad Watershed, especially in agriculture and barberry cultivation, to produce products, market the produced products, and expand ecotourism can reduce general poverty and strengthen the economy of local communities. In this regard, utilizing the economic capabilities of watersheds in order to produce products, market the produced products, and expand ecotourism can reduce general poverty and strengthen the economy of local communities. In general, by observing the approaches mentioned in this research and promoting detailed executive studies, the current trend of watersheds can be improved, and the waste of water and soil resources, the continuous migration of people to larger cities, and environmental problems can be reduced. Therefore, this program requires the active participation of all stakeholders, including the government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and local communities in the design and implementation. Strengthening the participation of local communities, policy-making and planning that is appropriate for the health and sustainability of the area investing in various sectors and infrastructure, supporting vulnerable groups, as well as paying attention to Indigenous knowledge and local experiences, along with using scientific and specialized knowledge, can significantly contribute to the success of this program.
 
Conclusions
This study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and participatory approach, providing solutions for improving the management of the Daftabad Watershed. The results can serve as a model for managers and policymakers in natural resource and watershed management, highlighting the need for holistic and inclusive strategies to ensure sustainable development and resilience. Accordingly, it is recommended that managers and planners at various levels of management, while paying significant attention to the participation of local communities, prioritize the evaluation, monitoring, and measurement of the effects of implemented projects so that in the long-term, they can simultaneously preserve and restore healthy watersheds and prevent the migration of watershed residents to neighboring cities and the emergence of numerous problems in those cities.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fishbone structure
  • Integrated watershed fundamentals
  • Watershed governance
  • Watershed health
  • Watershed management ladder
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مهندسی و مدیریت آبخیز
دوره 17، شماره 2
تیر 1404
صفحه 152-174
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هم رسانی
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