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A review of two decades of flood and drought hazards in Kerman Province

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Phd Student of Hydraulic Structures, Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Extended abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, the effects of climate change are visible across the globe, with frequent flooding and droughts being among the most significant. These two phenomena have many harmful effects, including economic, social, and environmental issues. Despite the flood phenomenon that occurs instantly and intensely, the drought phenomenon gradually affects the regions. Flood and drought phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions, including Kerman Province, have caused many destructive damage. Therefore, this study collects information on floods and droughts over the past two decades in Kerman Province to utilize the results for managing these events.
 
Materials and methods
In the present review research, articles and reports related to flood and drought phenomena in Kerman Province (located in Iran) have been collected and studied, and in this regard, 49 practical articles in Persian (2004‒2024) and nine articles in English (2012‒2023) were analyzed. In a general classification, Kerman Province was divided into four regions based on the average latitude and longitude; respectively, the northwest and southeast regions accounted for 35% and 34% of citations and accounted for the largest amount of studies, and 73% of the sources of this research are related to studies of drought in the province, which shows the age of this phenomenon. In this study, 27% of the studies used questionnaires, and the most widely used statistical and analytical software used were SPSS statistical software with a share of 26% and GIS-based software with a share of 24%, respectively.
 
Results and discussion
Flood and drought phenomena in Kerman Province have been increasing in intensity and frequency in recent years compared to the past, and their impact on society cannot be denied. The reduction of atmospheric precipitation and the onset of drought phenomena in Kerman province began in 1998 and is always seen with a fluctuating trend (moderate to severe drought) in all parts of the province. For example, statistics recorded in the Tanguieh Dam in Sirjan show that the average rainfall in this region has decreased from 185 mm in 1986-1997 to 158 mm in the period 2001-2002. Also, the average inflow to the basin between 2005-2001 was about 63 million cubic meters per year, which decreased by 86% to 8 million cubic meters in the period 2001-2002, which is due to the occurrence of drought and the lack of proper exploitation of the dam's upstream structures. Also, statistics recorded from the Jiroft Dam show that the average rainfall in this region between 1991-2001 was 194 mm, and since 2001-2002 it has decreased by 23% to 150 mm. The average inflow into the basin between 1991-2002 was about 680 million cubic meters per year, which decreased by 80% to 130 million cubic meters during 2001-2002. Regarding the floods that occurred, based on the statistics recorded at the hydrometric stations of Kerman province, 2294 flood days were recorded during the water years 2002-2019, with the average of the highest measured discharge volume related to the flood on 11/30/2016 being 33.833 (m3/day) and the peak discharge (m3/h) being 1202 at the Yalakhari station of the Nisa River in Bam. Considering the increasing trend of the occurrence of the aforementioned phenomena in the province, this research reviewed the studies conducted to examine the factors affecting the occurrence, consequences and damages caused by them, and management strategies to reduce flood and drought risks.
 
Conclusions
The summary of the results shows that the greatest threat to Kerman Province is the phenomenon of drought, from which the entire province suffers. According to the results, the slope of the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), during the statistical period 1980-1995 was +0.046, indicating a decrease in drought in the province, and in the statistical periods 1997-2000 and 2001-2011, it was -0.031 and -0.01, respectively, indicating an increase in the severity of drought in recent years. The occurrence of floods is also increasing, and this phenomenon has caused the most damage in the northwest-southeast belt of the province and in the highlands. These two phenomena leave very destructive effects in various fields, with the greatest damage being on social issues, followed by economic and environmental issues. It should also be noted that floods and droughts are not two separate phenomena and must be examined and evaluated together in order to provide the most appropriate solutions to overcome them. Therefore, given the thought-provoking results of this research, it is necessary to provide detailed planning with a long-term perspective in the field of water resources management and to pay attention to fundamental changes and developments in water-related laws.

Keywords

References
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Watershed Engineering and Management
Volume 17, Issue 2
June 2025
Pages 235-255
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