نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه آبخیزداری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گرگان
2 دانشیار گروه آبخیزداری، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گرگان
3 دانشیار مرکز تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سیستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زابل، ایران
4 دانشیار گروه مدیریت مناطق بیابانی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گرگان
چکیده
کمبود نزولات جوی و خشکسالی از عوامل مؤثر بر بحران کمآبی در مناطق خشک بشمار میرود که این فرایند با توجه به بالا بودن میزان تبخیر در این مناطق ضمن کاهش میزان بهرهوری از آب، باعث کاهش رطوبت خاک میشود. از اینرو، کاربرد روشهای حفاظتی با کاهش میزان تبخیر و حفظ رطوبت خاک علاوهبر بهبود رشد و عملکرد گیاه، باعث افزایش بهرهوری آب میشود. هدف از اجرای این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر خاکپوش ماسه بادی و نانو رس در آبیاری سفالی بر تغییرات دما و رطوبت در یکی از کانونهای فرسایشی منطقه سیستان است. بدینمنظور، در ابتدا طی عملیات میدانی از رسوبات بادی انباشت شده در دشت سیستان و همچنین، رسوبات سیلابی بستر رودخانه هیرمند (رسوبات حمل شده طی سیلابهای ورودی از کشور افغانستان) نمونهبرداری شد. با تعیین اندازه ذرات نمونههای رسوب بهمنظور تهیه خاکپوش ماسه بادی بزرگترین اندازه ذرات رسوبات بادی با استفاده از الک جدا شد. برای تهیه نانو ذرات رس نیز رسوبات سیلابی با استفاده از آسیاب گلولهای ضمن بررسی اندازه ذرات و تعیین عناصر اصلی (با استفاده از روش XRF) پودر شد. در ادامه، با آمادهسازی تیمارهایی متشکل از خاکپوش ماسه بادی، نانو رس و شاهد با نصب ترمومتر و پروب در اعماق 10، 30 و 50 سانتیمتر اقدام به اندازهگیری دما و رطوبت خاک (با استفاده از رطوبتسنج) برای یک دوره 186روزه شد. همچنین، در پایان دوره آزمایش بهمنظور بررسی شاخصهای پایداری خاکدانه با نمونهبرداری از اعماق مختلف شاخص میانگین وزنی (MWD) و شاخص میانگین هندسی (GMD) قطر خاکدانهها بر اساس روش الک خشک اندازهگیری شد. یافتهها نشان داد که در توزیع رطوبت و دما در تیمارهای مورد مطالعه اختلاف معنیدار در سطح پنج درصد وجود دارد. بیشترین رطوبت ذخیره شده در عمق 10 سانتیمتر در تیمار خاکپوش ماسه بادی اندازهگیری شد (بهترتیب 2/1 و 4/1 برابر بیشتر از میزان رطوبت ذخیره شده در تیمارهای نانو ذرات رس و شاهد). همچنین، در عمق 30 و 50 سانتیمتر بیشترین میزان رطوبت حفظ شده مربوط به تیمار نانو ذرات رس است (بهترتیب 2/1 و 6/1 برابر بیشتر از لایههای فوقالذکر در تیمارهای خاکپوش ماسه بادی و شاهد). در بررسی تغییرات دما در اعماق 10، 30 و 50 سانتیمتر، بیشترین و کمترین میزان دما بهترتیب مربوط به تیمارهای شاهد و خاکپوش ماسه بادی میباشد. بر اساس نتایج بهدست آمده، با ایجاد لایه خاکپوش ماسه بادی در سطح خاک دمای خاک در لایه سطحی نسبت به تیمارهای شاهد و نانو ذرات رس بهترتیب 33 و 2/17 درصد کاهش یافت. در بررسی شاخصهای پایداری خاکدانه نیز یافتهها نشان داد که تفاوت معنیداری بین مقادیر شاخصهای میانگین وزنی و میانگین هندسی قطر خاکدانهها در تیمارهای مورد مطالعه وجود دارد و بیشترین مقادیر شاخصهای مورد مطالعه مربوط به تیمار نانو رس میباشد (در سطح پنج درصد). در مجموع، بر اساس نتایج بهدست آمده از این پژوهش، استفاده از خاکپوش ماسه بادی و نانو رس با کاهش دما و بهبود پایداری خاکدانهها باعث افزایش 30 تا 45 درصدی رطوبت حجمی خاک در لایههای زیرسطحی و همچنین، افزایش مدت زمان حفظ رطوبت در خاک و کاهش دور آبیاری در مقایسه با حالت بدون اقدام حفاظتی در خاک شده است که کاربرد قابل توجه روشهای مورد استفاده در این پژوهش با تأمین رطوبت مورد نیاز گیاه برای استقرار پوشش گیاهی در کانونهای فرسایشی منطقه مورد مطالعه است.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Effect of sand mulch and nano-clay in buried clay pot irrigation on soil moisture, temperature and aggregate stability variations in arid region, case study: Nimroz City
نویسندگان [English]
- Moien Jahanthigh 1
- Ali Najafinejad 2
- Mansour jahantigh 3
- Mohsen Hosseinalizadeh 4
1 PhD, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Iran
2 Associate professor, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Iran
3 Associate professor, Department of Soil Conservation and Water Management, Sistan Agriculture and edition Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Zabol, Iran
4 Associate professor, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Iran
چکیده [English]
Shortage of rainfall and drought are among the factors affecting the water shortage crisis in arid regions due to the high rate of evaporation in these areas, while reducing the amount of water productivity, it reduces soil moisture. Therefore, the application of conservation methods by reducing the rate of evaporation and maintaining soil moisture in addition to improving plant growth and yield increases water productivity. The aim of this study was investigation of the effect of sand mulch and nano-clay in buried clay pot irrigation on temperature and humidity changes in one of the wind erosion centers of Sistan region. For this purpose, wind sediments accumulated in Sistan plain as well as flood sediments of Helmand riverbed (sediments transported during floods entering from Afghanistan) were sampled. By determining the particle size of sediment samples, the largest particle size of wind sediments was separated to prepare a sandy cover using a sieve. To prepare clay nanoparticles, Flood sediments were also pulverized using ball mill by examining the particle size and determining the main elements (using the XRF method). By preparing treatments including sand cover, nano-clay and control by installing thermometers and probes at depths of 10, 30 and 50 cm Soil temperature and humidity were measured (using TDR) for a period of 186 days. Also, at the end of the test period to evaluate soil stability indices by sampling from different depths, the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean index (GMD) of aggregate diameter were measured based on dry sieving method. The results showed that there was significant different at 5% level on soil moisture and temperature distribution between treatments. In depth 10 cm, the highest amount of retained moisture were measured in sand mulch treatment (1.2 and 1.4 times retains moisture compared to nano-clay and witness treatments, respectively). The highest amount of retained moisture in depth 30 and 50 cm is related to nano-clay treatments (45 and 68% more maintain compared to sand mulch and witness treatments, respectively). The results also show that the highest and the lowest amount of soil temperature at different depths related to witness and sand mulch treatment respectively. Mulch cover by shaping temperature equilibrium in soil profiles, caused 17.2 and 33 % reduction of temperature compared to nano-clay and witness treatments. The results also showed that, there were significant differences between treatments in mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) and the highest amounts of this index related to nano-clay treatment (p<0.05). Based on the results of this study, the use of sand mulch and nano-clay by reduces the temperature and improving the stability of aggregates, increases the volume of soil moisture in the subsurface layers by 30 to 45% and also increases the retention time in soil moisture and reduces irrigation frequency compared to the state without protective action in the soil. Therefore, the application of the methods used in this study, provides the required moisture to the plants to establish vegetation in the wind erosion centers of the study area.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Drought
- Hygrometer
- Nano-clay
- Sistan
- Water shortage crisis
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