نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار، مرکز آموزش و تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران
2 استادیار پژوهشی، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
3 مربی، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
بخشی از طرح ملی طبقه‌بندی مورفوکلیماتیک آبکندهای ایران در پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری به مقدار تولید رسوب و اقدامات احیایی برای کاهش خسارت ناشی از گسترش آن‌ها پرداخته است. نتایج این پژوهش، نشان داد که آبکندهای ایران در دو طبقه آبکندهای کوچک (عمق کوچک‌تر از یک متر) و متوسط (عمق یک تا 10 متر) قرار دارند. به‌طور متوسط، هر متر از آبکندهای ایران حدود 19 مترمکعب رسوب تولید کرده است. آبکندهای ایران عموماً در اراضی زراعی دیم و مراتع و در خاک‌های با بافت لوم، لوم شن و لوم رس پراکنش دارند. تخریب مراتع، تبدیل اراضی مرتعی به زراعی و باغ، ساخت راه‌ها و آبگذرهای جاده‌ای غیراصولی از مهمترین علل اصلی ایجاد و گسترش آبکندهای ایران هستند. پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که بالغ بر 50 درصد از آبکندهای ایران فاقد اقدامات مدیریتی و احیائی بوده، به‌طوری که در برخی از استان‌ها، 90 درصد آبکندها فاقد اقدامات و در برخی دیگر، 30 تا 50 درصد هیچ‌گونه اقدام حفاظتی دریافت نکرده‌اند. در بیشتر استان‌ها از اقدامات سازه‌ای مانند سدهای اصلاحی خشکه‌چین، سنگ و سیمانی و توری‌سنگی استفاده شده که بیشتر با هدف کنترل رسوب بوده است. بیشتر اقدامات در آبکندهای کوچک و تعدادی نیز در آبکندهای متوسط صورت گرفته است. اقدامات مدیریتی برای پیش‌گیری از ایجاد آبکند مخصوصاً در اراضی دیم بسیار ناچیز بوده است و توجه جدی به طراحی و ساخت آبگذرهای جاده‌ای و راه‌های مناطق کوهستانی و پرشیب ضروری است. در ایران، از روش‌های گیاهی و بلانکت و سنگریزه کمتر استفاده شده است. تخریب و رهاسازی آب‌انبارهای قدیمی نیز در ایجاد و گسترش آبکندها نقش داشته است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Methods of gully control and reclamation in different provinces of Iran
نویسندگان [English]
- Majid Soufi 1
- Reza Bayat 2
- Afshin Partovi 3
1 Associate Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Soil conservation and watershed management research institute, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Tehran, Iran
3 Scientific Board, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, AREEO, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Some parts of “morpho-climatic classification of Iran's gullies” national project in Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, refer to the amount of produced sediments and reclamation measures for their management and the amount of damages resulting from their development. The results of this research indicate that Iran's gullies are categorized in two classes, small (<1 m) and medium gullies (1-10 m). One meter of gully has produced 19 m3 of sediment. Generally, they are distributed in rainfed lands and rangelands with loam, sandy loam and clay loam soil textures. The most important causes of gully formation and development are rangeland destruction, rangeland change to cropland and garden, and non-proper road and culvert construction. The present research showed that more than 50% of Iranian gullies had no management and reclamation measures, so that in 90% of some provinces and 30-50% in other areas, no management measures have been taken. More mechanical measures such as loose rock dams, rock and cement dams and gabions dams with the aim of sediment trapping are taken in Iran's provinces. Most measures are taken in small gullies, but just a few in medium ones. Management measures for prevention of gully formation are negligible in rainfed lands and serious attention is recommended to be paid to the design and construction of culverts and roads in mountainous and steep areas. Biological methods, blankets and rip-rap methods are used less in Iran. Demolition and abandoned old Ab-anbars had a role in have gully formation and development.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Blanket
- Check dams
- Gully initiation
- Range degradation
- Sediment control
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