نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان
2 استاد گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان
3 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان
چکیده
گوناگونی عوامل مؤثر بر ویژگیهای خاک منجر به تغییرات زمانی در فرایند فرسایش خاک میشود. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی تغییرات زمانی تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک در نوارهای کشت گندم دیم انجام گرفت. برای این منظور، سه گندمزار دیم با شیب متوسط 15 درصد و تحت آیش در جنوب غربی استان کرمانشاه انتخاب و در هر زمین شیارهایی به طول پنج متر و عرض 30 سانتیمتر ایجاد شد. برای بررسی تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک، از چهار دبی برابر 0.5، یک، 1.5 و دو لیتر بر دقیقه استفاده شد و مقدار رواناب و هدررفت خاک از شیارها در بازههای زمانی پنج دقیقه طی 60 دقیقه در سه تکرار اندازهگیری شد. بر اساس نتایج، با افزایش دبی جریان، حجم رواناب و هدررفت خاک در شیارهای کشت افزایش یافت، بهطوریکه کمترین مقدار هدررفت خاک در دبی 0.5 لیتر بر دقیقه (2.66 گرم بر متر مربع) و بیشترین مقدار آن در دبی دو لیتر بر دقیقه (85.33 گرم بر متر مربع) مشاهده شد. همچنین، حجم رواناب در دبی 0.5 لیتر بر دقیقه کمترین مقدار (0.47 لیتر) و در دبی دو لیتر بر دقیقه بیشترین مقدار (7.65 لیتر) بود. مجموع کل رواناب تولیدی پس از مدت زمان 60 دقیقه و همچنین، میانگین رواناب تولیدی در دبی 0.5 لیتر بر دقیقه بهترتیب 12.33 و 1.03 لیتر و در دبی دو لیتر بر دقیقه بهترتیب 43.81 و 6.79 لیتر بود. تفاوتهای معنیدار در تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک طی زمان در دبیهای مورد مطالعه مشاهده شد. تولید رواناب در ابتدای آزمایش اندک بود و با گذشت زمان، بر مقدار آن افزوده شد. الگوی تغییرات زمانی هدررفت خاک متفاوت از تولید رواناب بود، بهطوریکه مقدار هدررفت خاک در آغاز آزمایش نسبت به زمانهای پایانی بیشتر بود که علت آن را میتوان به فراهمی زیاد ذرات خاک قابل انتقال در شیارها در ابتدای آزمایش نسبت داد. مقدار هدررفت خاک از آغاز آزمایش تا زمان 25 دقیقه، کاهشی شدیدی یافت و سپس، از الگوی کاهشی تدریجی پیروی کرد و در پایان به مقدار ثابتی رسید. نتایج نشان داد که فرسایش شیاری به شدت تحت تأثیر شدت جریان قرار دارد و مقدار آن طی زمان تغییر میکند و این تغییرات مستقل از تولید جریان بوده، به فراهمی ذرات قابل انتقال در شیار وابسته است.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Temporal changes of runoff and soil loss under different flow discharges in furrows of rainfed wheat
نویسندگان [English]
- Jalal Heidari 1
- Alireza Vaezi 2
- Mohammad amir Delavar 3
1 PhD. Student, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran
2 Professor, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]
The variety of factors affecting soil properties leads to temporal changes in the soil erosion process. This research was conducted to assess short-term changes in runoff and soil loss in rainfed wheat furrows under fallow conditions. To this end, three rainfed lands with 15% slope gradient were selected in south west of Kermanshah Province. In each land, furrows with five m in length and 30 cm in width were created using sowing set. Runoff and soil loss were measured using simulated flows with a discharge of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 L.min-1 at intervals of five minutes to 60 minutes 60 minutes in three replications. Results showed that the lowest soil loss was recorded in flow discharge of 0.5 L.min-1 (2.66 g.m-2) and the highest of soil loss was produced in flow discharge of 2 5 L.min-1 (85.33 g.m-2). Also, the lowest runoff was recorded in flow discharge of 0.5 L.min-1 (0.47 L) and the highest of soil loss was produced in flow discharge of 2 5 L.min-1 (7.65 L). The effect of time on runoff and sediment variables was significant in all flow discharge (p<0.01). Runoff production was low at the beginning of the experiment and increased over time. The pattern of temporal changes in soil loss was different from runoff production, amount of soil loss at the beginning of the experiment was higher values than the final test times, which associated with to supply of erodible soil particles in the rills in the beginning of the experiment. With starting the experiment to 25 minutes, the rate of soil loss changes drastically and then until the end of the experiment, it followed a uniform reduction pattern and in the final stages, it is almost constant. The results showed that rill erosion is strongly influenced by flow intensity and its value changes over time and these changes are independent of flow production and depended on the transmittance of soil particles transferable in the rill.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Flow discharge
- Rill erosion
- Runoff
- Soil loss
- Temporal variation
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