با همکاری انجمن آبخیزداری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

2 استاد گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

3 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

گوناگونی عوامل مؤثر بر ویژگی‌­های خاک منجر به تغییرات زمانی در فرایند فرسایش خاک می‌شود. این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی تغییرات زمانی تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک در نوارهای کشت گندم دیم انجام گرفت. برای این منظور، سه گندم­زار دیم با شیب متوسط 15 درصد و تحت آیش در جنوب غربی استان کرمانشاه انتخاب و در هر زمین شیارهایی به طول پنج متر و عرض 30 سانتی­‌متر ایجاد شد. برای بررسی تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک، از چهار دبی برابر 0.5، یک، 1.5 و دو لیتر بر دقیقه استفاده شد و مقدار رواناب و هدررفت خاک از شیارها در بازه‌­های زمانی پنج دقیقه طی 60 دقیقه در سه تکرار اندازه‌­گیری شد. بر اساس نتایج، با افزایش دبی جریان، حجم رواناب و هدررفت خاک در شیارهای کشت افزایش یافت، به­‌طوری­‌که کمترین مقدار هدررفت خاک در دبی 0.5 لیتر بر دقیقه (2.66 گرم بر متر مربع) و بیشترین مقدار آن در دبی دو لیتر بر دقیقه (85.33 گرم بر متر مربع) مشاهده شد. همچنین، حجم رواناب در دبی 0.5 لیتر بر دقیقه کمترین مقدار (0.47 لیتر) و در دبی دو لیتر بر دقیقه بیشترین مقدار (7.65 لیتر) بود. مجموع کل رواناب تولیدی پس از مدت زمان 60 دقیقه و همچنین، میانگین رواناب تولیدی در دبی 0.5 لیتر بر دقیقه به‌ترتیب 12.33 و 1.03 لیتر و در دبی دو لیتر بر دقیقه به‌ترتیب 43.81 و 6.79 لیتر بود. تفاوت‌­های معنی‌­دار در تولید رواناب و هدررفت خاک طی زمان در دبی­‌های مورد مطالعه مشاهده شد. تولید رواناب در ابتدای آزمایش اندک بود و با گذشت زمان، بر مقدار آن افزوده شد. الگوی تغییرات زمانی هدررفت خاک متفاوت از تولید رواناب بود، به­‌طوری­‌که مقدار هدررفت خاک در آغاز آزمایش نسبت به زمان­‌های پایانی بیشتر بود که علت آن را می‌توان به فراهمی زیاد ذرات خاک قابل انتقال در شیارها در ابتدای آزمایش نسبت داد. مقدار هدررفت خاک از آغاز آزمایش تا زمان 25 دقیقه، کاهشی شدیدی یافت و سپس، از الگوی کاهشی تدریجی پیروی کرد و در پایان به مقدار ثابتی رسید. نتایج نشان داد که فرسایش شیاری به شدت تحت تأثیر شدت جریان قرار دارد و مقدار آن طی زمان تغییر می­‌کند و این تغییرات مستقل از تولید جریان بوده، به فراهمی ذرات قابل انتقال در شیار وابسته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Temporal changes of runoff and soil loss under different flow discharges in furrows of rainfed wheat

نویسندگان [English]

  • Jalal Heidari 1
  • Alireza Vaezi 2
  • Mohammad amir Delavar 3

1 PhD. Student, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran

2 Professor, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

The variety of factors affecting soil properties leads to temporal changes in the soil erosion process. This research was conducted to assess short-term changes in runoff and soil loss in rainfed wheat furrows under fallow conditions. To this end, three rainfed lands with 15% slope gradient were selected in south west of Kermanshah Province. In each land, furrows with five m in length and 30 cm in width were created using sowing set. Runoff and soil loss were measured using simulated flows with a discharge of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 L.min-1 at intervals of five minutes to 60 minutes 60 minutes in three replications. Results showed that the lowest soil loss was recorded in flow discharge of 0.5 L.min-1 (2.66 g.m-2) and the highest of soil loss was produced in flow discharge of 2 5 L.min-1 (85.33 g.m-2). Also, the lowest runoff was recorded in flow discharge of 0.5 L.min-1 (0.47 L) and the highest of soil loss was produced in flow discharge of 2 5 L.min-1 (7.65 L). The effect of time on runoff and sediment variables was significant in all flow discharge (p<0.01). Runoff production was low at the beginning of the experiment and increased over time. The pattern of temporal changes in soil loss was different from runoff production, amount of soil loss at the beginning of the experiment was higher values ​​than the final test times, which associated with to supply of erodible soil particles in the rills in the beginning of the experiment. With starting the experiment to 25 minutes, the rate of soil loss changes drastically and then until the end of the experiment, it followed a uniform reduction pattern and in the final stages, it is almost constant. The results showed that rill erosion is strongly influenced by flow intensity and its value changes over time and these changes are independent of flow production and depended on the transmittance of soil particles transferable in the rill.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Flow discharge
  • Rill erosion
  • Runoff
  • Soil loss
  • Temporal variation
  1. Asadi, H., H.W. Ghadiri, C. Rose, B. Yu and J. Hussein. 2007. An investigation of flow-driven soil erosion with no inflow: a numerical solution with spatial and temporal effects of sediment settling velocity characteristics. Journal of Hydrology, 294: 229-240.
  2. Auerswald, K., P. Fiener and R. Dikau. 2009. Rates of sheet and rill erosion in Germany, a meta-analysis. Geomorphology, 111: 182-193.
  3. Blake, G.R. and K.H. Hartge. 1986. Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, 2nd Edition. Agronomy Monograph, Vol. 9. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, Pages 363-375.
  4. Chalov, S.R., J. Jarsjö, N.S. Kasimov, A.O. Romanchenko, J. Pietroń, J. Thorslund and E.V. Promakhova. 2014. Spatio-temporal variation of sediment transport in the Selenga River Basin, Mongolia and Russia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73: 1-18.
  5. Chen, X., Y. Zhao, B. Mo and H.X. Mi. 2014. An improved experimental method for simulating erosion processes by concentrated channel flow. PLoS ONE, 9(6): e99660. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099660.
  6. Cremers, N., P. Van Dijk, A. De Roo and M. Verzandvoort. 1996. Spatial and temporal variability of soil surface roughness and the application in hydrological and soil erosion modelling. Hydrological Processes, 10: 1035-1047.
  7. DE Sutter, R., R. Verhoeven and R. Krein. 2001. Simulation of sediment transport during flood events, laboratory work and field experiments. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46(4): 599- 610.
  8. Franti, T.G., J.M. Laflen and D.A. Watson. 1985. Soil erodibility and critical shear under concentrated flow. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 42: 329–335.
  9. Gee, G.H. and J.W. Bauder. 1986. Particle size analysis. In: A. Klute, (Ed.), Methods of soil Physical Properties. SSSA, Madison, WI, Pages 383-411.
  10. Giménez, R., J. Casalí, I. Grande, J. Díez, M.A. Campo, J. Álvarez-Mozos and M. Goni. 2012. Factors controlling sediment export in a small agricultural watershed in Navarre, Spain. Agricultural Water Management, 110: 1-8.
  11. Govers, G., R. Giménez and K. Van Oost. 2007. Rill erosion: exploring the relationship between experiments, modelling and field observations. Earth-Science Reviews, 84: 87-102.
  12. Haise, H.R., W.W. Donnan, J.T. Phelan, L.F. Lawhon and D.G. Shockley. 1956. The use of cylinder infiltrometers to determine the intake characteristics of irrigated soils. Publ. ARS41 USDA. Agricultural Research Service and Soil Conservation Service, Washington DC.
  13. Heimsath, A.M., W.E. Dietrich, K. Nishiizumi and R.C. Finkel. 2001. Stochastic processes of soil production and transport: erosion rates, topographic variation and cosmogenic nuclides in the Oregon Coast Range. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26: 531-552.
  14. Hogarth, W.L., C.W. Rose, J.Y. Parlange, G.C. Sander and G. Carey. 2004. Soil erosion due to rainfall impact overland flow under four typical crops in the loess plateau of China. Biosystems Engineering, 122: 139-148.
  15. Karimi, H., A. Lakzian, G. Haghnia, H. Emami and M. Sofi. 2014. Spatial and temporal coefficient of variations of soil loss under concentrated flow in furrows of dryland wheat. Watershed Engineering and Management, 7: 1-14 (in Persian).
  16. Li, T., and Y. Gao. 2015. Runoff and sediment yield variations in response to precipitation changes: a case study of Xichuan Watershed in the Loess Plateau, China. Water, 7: 5638-5656.
  17. Lisle, I., C. Rose, W. Hogarth, P. Hairsine, G. Sander and J.Y. Parlange. 1998. Stochastic sediment transport in soil erosion. Journal of Hydrology, 204: 217-230.
  18. McLean, E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Page, A. L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, Pages 199-224.
  19. Mohammadpor, S., H. Rohani, H. Ghorbani Vaghei and S.M. Sayedian. 2015. Understanding rill erosion in dry and wet soil conditions. Environmental Erosion Research, 6(21): 17-29.
  20. Morgan, R.C.P. 2005. Soil erosion and conservation. Third Edition, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 316 pages.
  21. Niu, Y., Z. Gao, Li, Y. Lou, S. Zhang, L. Zhang, J. Du, X. Zhang and K. Luo. 2020. Characteristics of rill erosion in spoil heaps under simulated inflow: a field runoff plot experiment. Soil and Tillage Research, 202: 104-125.
  22. Page, A.L. 1982. Method of soil analysis. Part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. Soil Science Society of American, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  23. Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In: Sparks, D.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods, SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, Pages 417-436.
  24. Seeger, M. 2007. Uncertainty of factors determining runoff and erosion processes as quantified by rainfall simulations. Catena, 71: 56-67.
  25. Shen, N., Z. Wang, Q. Zhang, H. Chen and B. Wu. 2019. Modelling soil detachment capacity by rill flow with hydraulic variables on a simulated steep loessal hillslope. Hydrology Research, 50(1): 85–98.
  26. Siegrist, S., D. Schaub, L. Pfiffner and P. Mader. 1998. Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 69: 253–264.
  27. Vaezi, A.R. and A. Vatani. 2014. Determination of rill erodibility in some Zanjan soils under simulated rain. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 71: 59-67 (in Persian).
  28. Vaezi, A.R. and H. Gharehdaghlli. 2013. Quantification of rill erosion development in marl soils of Zanjanrood Watershed in north-west of Zanjan, Iran. Journal of Water and Soil, 27: 872–881 (in Persian).
  29. Vaezi, A.R. and M. Foroumadi. 2017. Temporal variation of runoff production and rill erosion in a marl soil under different rainfall intensities. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 24(1): 303-309.
  30. Vaezi, A.R. and M. Heidari. 2019. Investigating the effect of wheat straw on soil loss by rill erosion in furrows in different growth stages of rainfed wheat. Journal of Soil Research, 23(2): 127-140.
  31. Vaezi, A.R., H.A. Bahrami, S.H.R. Sadeghi and M.A. Mahdian. 2010. Modeling relationship between runoff and soil properties in dry-farming lands, NW Iran. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 7: 2577-2607.
  32. Walkly, A. and I.A. Black. 1934. An examination of digestion methods for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic and titration. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 37: 29-38.
  33. Williams, B.M., S. Martinez-Menaa and L. Deeksb. 2004. Exponential distribution theory and aggregate erosion. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 6: 382-391.
  34. Wirtz, S., M. Seeger and J.B. Ries. 2012. Field experiments for understanding and quantification of rill erosion processes. Catena, 91: 21-34.
  35. Yu, Y.C., G.H. Zhang, R. Geng and L. Sun. 2014. Temporal variation in soil detachment capacity by overland flow under four typical crops in the Loess Plateau of China. Biosystems Engineering, 122: 139-148.
  36. Zhi-Qiang, D., L.M.P. João, L. de and J. Hoon-Shin. 2008. Sediment transport rate-based model for rainfall-induced soil erosion. Catena, 76: 54–62.