مهندسی و مدیریت آبخیز

با همکاری انجمن آبخیزداری ایران

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

راهنمای نویسندگان

راهنمایی دریافت کد ORCID

داوران

راهنمای عضویت در Publons

بررسی تحقیقات جریان پایه در ایران و جهان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران

چکیده

در دو دهه گذشته تحقیقات متعددی در رابطه با موضوع جریان پایه رودخانه‌­ها در کشور صورت گرفته است، اما تا کنون پژوهشی که به­‌طور جامع و ویژه به مرور تحقیقات جریان پایه رودخانه­‌ها بپردازد، صورت نگرفته تا حوزه­‌های مختلف این موضوع شناسایی و حوزه­‌های مغفول مانده، معرفی و مورد توجه قرار گیرد. در این پژوهش، ابتدا با مرور منابع در سطح جهانی و کشوری، روند پیشرفت مطالعات در گرایش­‌های مختلف این حوزه، بررسی و سپس، بر اساس روش آرشیوی به بررسی و طبقه‌­بندی پایان‌نامه‌­ها، مقالات و گزارشات چاپ شده در نشریات معتبر داخلی و کنفرانس‌­های مربوطه داخل کشور در دو دهه گذشته پرداخته شد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی حوزه­‌های تحقیق در جریان پایه رودخانه­‌ها و تعیین حوزه­‌های کمتر توجه شده و مغفول مانده در تحقیقات داخل کشور است. مقالات بررسی شده در این پژوهش بر اساس قلمرو مکانی، روش تحقیق، تئوری، فنون تحلیل داده و موضوع، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق حاکی از آن است که گرایش­‌های پژوهشی تحقیقات جریان پایه در ایران، در چهار دسته عمومی قابل تقسیم­‌بندی است که 28.21 درصد از پژوهش­‌ها مرتبط با گرایش کاربردی، 37.18 درصد به مقایسه و معرفی روش مناسب تفکیک جریان پایه، 19.23 درصد به بررسی عوامل موثر بر جریان پایه و 15.38 درصد نیز به استفاده عمومی و توصیف شرایط هیدرولوژیک منطقه پژوهش تعلق دارد. نتیجه کلی، بیانگر مطالعات محدود، فقدان روش­‌های نوآورانه و جدید و تمرکز بر استفاده از روش­‌های معمول و تکراری و عدم توجه کافی از سوی مراکز علمی و پژوهشی کشور به این حوزه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of base flow researches in Iran and the world

نویسنده [English]

  • Rahim Kazemi

Assistant Professor, Soil conservation and watershed management research institute, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

During the last two decades, there has been a lot of research on the base flow issue in the country, but so far, no comprehensive and specific article review of base flow research has been conducted, untill the various aspects of this issue be identified and the cases ignored, be introduced and addressed. In this research, first, by literature review at the global and national level, the progress of studies in different fields of this issue were investigated and then dissertations, articles and reports published in international journals and related conferences have been classified and discussed for the past two decades. The main purpose of this research was to identify issues of research at base flow and to identify lesser and overlooked issues in country research. The articles reviewed in this research were analyzed based on spatial domain, research method, theory, data analysis techniques and topic. Results showed that research orientation in base flow in Iran can be divided into four general categories; 28.21% of studies related to applied orientation; 37.18% to comparison and introduction of proper baseflow separation method; 19.23% to investigation of factors affecting base flow and 15.38% to general use and description of hydrological conditions of the study area. The overall conclusion, indicates limited studies, lack of innovative, and focus on the use of conventional and repetitive methods and also lack of attention to this issue by scientific and research centers of the country.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Climate change
  • Geomorphological parameters
  • Human interventions
  • Separation methods
  • Water resources management
  • Watershed
مراجع
  1. Akhondali, A., H. Zaree, H. Mohammadzadeh and F. Radmanesh. 2014. Base flow separation using 180 stable isotopes in abolabas karstic Basin-Khozestan Province. Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 36(2): 109-120 (in Persian).
  2. Alizadeh, A. Principles of applied hydrology. Mashhad, Imam Reza University Press, 942 pages (in Persian).
  3. Ambroise, B., K. Beven and J. 1996. Toward a generalization of the TOPMODEL concepts: topographic indices of hydrological similarity. Water Resources Research, 32(7): 2135-2145.
  4. Appleyard, S.J., W.A. Davidson andP. Commander. 1999. The effects of urban development on the utilisation of groundwater resources in Perth, Western Australia. International Contributions to Hydrogeology, 21: 97-104.
  5. Arnott, S., J. Hilton andW. Webb. 2009. The impact of geological control on flow accretion in lowland permeable catchments. Hydrology Research, 40(6): 533-543.
  6. Asgari, E., R. Mostafazadeh and A. Esmaliouri. 2018. Determining the contributions of river flow hydrograph components in some river gauge stations of Ardabil Province. Irrigation and Water Engineering, 8(2): 56-71 (in Persian).
  7. Barnett, T.P., D.W. Pierce, H.G. Hidalgo, C. Bonfils, B.D. Santer, T. Das andR. Cayan. 2008. Human-induced changes in the hydrology of the western United States. Science, 319(5866): 1080-1083.
  8. Beven, K.J. and M.J. Kirkby. 1979. A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology/Un modèle à base physique de zone d'appel variable de l'hydrologie du bassin versant. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 24(1): 43-69.
  9. Bloomfield, J.P., D.J. Allen and K.J. Griffiths. 2009. Examining geological controls on Base Flow Index (BFI) using regression analysis: an illustration from the Thames Basin, UK. Journal of Hydrology, 373(1): 164-176.
  10. Boughton, W.C. 1993. A hydrograph-based model for estimating the water yield of ungauged catchments, paper presented at hydrology and water resources symposium. Institution of Engineers Australia, Newcastle. NSW.
  11. Brabets, T.P. and M.A. Walvoord. 2009. Trends in streamflow in the Yukon River Basin from 1944 to 2005 and the influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Hydrology, 371(1): 108-119.
  12. Brown, A.E., L. Zhang, T.A. McMahon. A.W. Western and R.A. Vertessy. 2005. A review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation. Journal of hydrology, 310(1): 28-61.
  13. Bruijnzeel, L.A. 2004. Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 104(1): 185-228.
  14. Brutsaert, W. 2005. Hydrology: an introduction. Cambridge University Press, 605 pages.
  15. Bryan, R.B. and J.A.A. Jones. 1997. The significance of soil piping processes: inventory and prospect. Geomorphology, 20(3-4): 209-218.
  16. Carter, T. and C. R. Jackson. 2007. Vegetated roofs for stormwater management at multiple spatial scales. Landscape and Urban Planning, 80(1): 84-94.
  17. Chang, H. 2007. Comparative streamflow characteristics in urbanizing basins in the Portland Metropolitan Area, Oregon, USA. Hydrological Processes, 21(2): 211-222.
  18. Chaplot, V., C. Walter, P. Curmi, P. Lagacherie and D. King. 2004. Using the topography of the saprolite upper boundary to improve the spatial prediction of the soil hydromorphic index. Geoderma, 123(3): 343-354.
  19. Chapman, T.G. and A.I. Maxwell. 1996. Baseflow separation-comparison of numerical methods with tracer experiments. In Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium: Water and the Environment, Preprints of Papers (p. 539). Institution of Engineers, Australia.
  20. Choi, W., P.F. Rasmussen, A.R. Moore and S.J. Kim. 2009. Simulating streamflow response to climate scenarios in central Canada using a simple statistical downscaling method. Climate Research, 40(1): 89-102.
  21. Delinom, R.M. 2009. Structural geology controls on groundwater flow: lembang fault case study, West Java, Indonesia. Hydrogeology Journal, 17(4): 1011-1023.
  22. Devito, K., I. Creed, T. Gan, C. Mendoza, R. Petrone, U. Silins and B. Smerdon. 2005. A framework for broad-scale classification of hydrologic response units on the Boreal Plain: is topography the last thing to consider? Hydrological Processes, 19(8): 1705-1714.
  23. Dubé, S., A.P. Plamondon and R.L. Rothwell. 1995. Watering up after clear-cutting on forested wetlands of the St. Lawrence lowland. Water Resources Research, 31(7): 1741-1750.
  24. Easterling, D.R., T.R. Karl, K.P. Gallo, D.A. Robinson, K.E. Trenberth and A. Dai. 2000. Observed climate variability and change of relevance to the biosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 105(D15): 20101-20114.
  25. Farvolden, R.N. 1963. Geologic controls on ground-water storage and base flow. Journal of Hydrology, 1(3): 219-249.
  26. Hall, F.R. 1968. Base-flow recessions- a review. Water Resources Research, 4(5): 973-983.
  27. Hatcher, J.R.D. 1988. Bedrock geology and regional geologic setting of Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the eastern Blue Ridge. Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta, 66: 81-92.
  28. Hooker, P.J., A.R. Lawrence, D.C. Gooddy, D.M. Bridge and M.J. Brown. 1999. An integrated hydrogeological case study of a post-industrial city in the West Midlands of England. International Contribution to Hydrogeology, 21: 145-150.
  29. Huntington, T.G., A.D. Richardson, K.J. McGuire and K. Hayhoe. 2009. Climate and hydrological changes in the northeastern United States: recent trends and implications for forested and aquatic ecosystems this article is one of a selection of papers from NE Forests 2100: a synthesis of climate change impacts on forests of the northeastern US and eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39(2): 199-212.
  30. Hutchinson, D.G. and R.D. Moore. 2000. Throughflow variability on a forested hillslope underlain by compacted glacial till. Hydrological Processes, 14(10): 1751-1766.
  31. Iroumé, A., A. Huber and K. Schulz. 2005. Summer flows in experimental catchments with different forest covers, Chile. Journal of Hydrology, 300(1): 300-313.
  32. Jakeman, A.J. and G.M. Hornberger. 1993. How much complexity is warranted in a rainfall-runoff model? Water Resources Research, 29(8): 2637-2649.
  33. Johnson, R. 1998. The forest cycle and low river flows: a review of UK and international studies. Forest Ecology and Management, 109(1): 1-7.
  34. Jones, J.A. and D.A. Post. 2004. Seasonal and successional streamflow response to forest cutting and regrowth in the northwest and eastern United States. Water Resources Research, 40(5): 1-19.
  35. Juckem, P.F., R.J. Hunt, M.P. Anderson and D.M. Robertson. 2008. Effects of climate and land management change on streamflow in the driftless area of Wisconsin. Journal of Hydrology, 355(1): 123-130.
  36. Kazemi, R. and A.R. Eslami. 2013. Investigation on the role of geological formation and hydrological parameter on base flow index, case study: Khazar region. Watershed Engineering and Management, 5(2): 85-93 (in Persian).
  37. Kazemi, R. and A.R. Eslami. 2016. Investigation and estimation of flow continuity indices based on hydro-climatic factors and lithology, case study: Caspian region. Iranian Water Researches Journal, 3(22): 57-68 (in Persian).
  38. Kazemi, R. and B. Ghermezcheshmeh. 2016. Investigation of different base flow separation methods using flow duration indices, case study: Khazar region. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 23(2): 131-146 (in Persian).
  39. Kazemi, R. and F. Sharifi. 2017. Investigation and presentation of regional relations of base flow index in homogeneous catchments of Kerman Province. Watershed Engineering and Management, 18(1): 97-107 (in Persian).
  40. Kazemi, R. and F. Sharifi. 2018. Investigation and analysis of factors affecting base flow in different climates of Iran. Watershed Engineering and Management, 4(10): 645-658 (in Persian).
  41. Kazemi, R. and F. Sharifi. 2019. Determination of the best hierarchical clustering method for regional analysis of base flow index in Kerman Province catchments. Journal of Watershed Management Research, 10(19): 95-105 (in Persian).
  42. Kazemi, R. and J. Porhemmat. 2020. Calibration of recursive digital filters to separate the base flow, case study: Karkheh Basin. Watershed Engineering and Management, 12(1): 30-43 (in Persian).
  43. Kazemi, R., H. Davoodi, M.J. Soltani and A. Sarreshtedari. 2013. Investigation of land use change on base flow index, case study: Taleghan Catchment. Engineering and Management, 5(1): 1-8 (in Persian).
  44. Kim, S., M.L. Kavvas and J. Yoon. 2005. Upscaling of vertical unsaturated flow model under infiltration condition. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 10(2): 151-159.
  45. Kirchner, J.W., X. Feng and C. Neal. 2001. Catchment-scale advection and dispersion as a mechanism for fractal scaling in stream tracer concentrations. Journal of Hydrology, 254(1): 82-101.
  46. Kirkby, M.J. and R.J. Chorley. 1967. Throughflow, overland flow and erosion. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 12(3): 5-21.
  47. Konrad, C.P. 2006. Longitudinal hydraulic analysis of river-aquifer exchanges. Water Resources Research, 42(8): 1-14.
  48. Lacey, G.C. and R.B. Grayson. 1998. Relating baseflow to catchment properties in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 204(1-4): 231-250.
  49. Larkin, R.G. and J.M. Sharp. 1992. On the relationship between river-basin geomorphology, aquifer hydraulics and ground-water flow direction in alluvial aquifers. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104(12): 1608-1620.
  50. Lerner, D.N. 1986. Leaking pipes recharge ground water. Groundwater, 24(5): 654-662.
  51. Lerner, D.N. 2002. Identifying and quantifying urban recharge: a review. Hydrogeology Journal, 10(1): 143-152.
  52. Lin, K., S. Guo, W. Zhang and P. Liu. 2007. A new baseflow separation method based on analytical solutions of the Horton infiltration capacity curve. Hydrological Processes, 21(13): 1719-1736.
  53. Lindgren, G.A., G. Destouni and A.V. Miller. 2004. Solute transport through the integrated groundwater-stream system of a catchment. Water Resources Research, 40(3): 40-40.
  54. Lins, H.F. and J.R. Slack. 2005. Seasonal and regional characteristics of US streamflow trends in the United States from 1940 to 1999. Physical Geography, 26(6): 489-501.
  55. Linsley, R.K. 1958. Hydrology for engineers. McGraw and Hill, New York, 508 pages.
  56. Lʹvovich, M.I. 1979. World water resources and their future. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC.
  57. Lyne, V. and M. Hollick. 1979. Stochastic time-variable rainfall-runoff modelling. In Institute of Engineers Australia National Conference, pages 89-93.
  58. Ma, X., J. Xu, Y. Luo, S. Prasad Aggarwal and J. Li. 2009. Response of hydrological processes to land-cover and climate changes in Kejie Watershed, south-west China. Hydrological Processes, 23(8): 1179-1191.
  59. McDonnell, J.J., J. Freer, R. Hooper, C. Kendall, D. Burns, K. Beven and J. Peters. 1996. New method developed for studying flow on hillslopes. EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 77(47): 465-472.
  60. McGuire, K.J., J.J. McDonnell, M. Weiler, C. Kendall, B.L. McGlynn, J.M. Welker and J. Seibert. 2005. The role of topography on catchment-scale water residence time. Water Resources Research, 41(5): 1-14.
  61. Meyer, S.C. 2002. Investigation of impacts of urbanization on base flow and recharge rates, northeastern Illinois: summary of 2 years activities. In Proceedings, 12th Annual Illinois Groundwater Consortium Symposium. Illinois Groundwater Consortium.
  62. Meyer, S.C. 2005. Analysis of base flow trends in urban streams, northeastern Illinois, USA. Hydrogeology Journal, 13(5): 871-885.
  63. Mwakalila, S., J. Feyen and G. Wyseure. 2002. The influence of physical catchment properties on baseflow in semi-arid environments. Journal of Arid Environments, 52(2): 245-258.
  64. Nathan, R.J. and T.A. McMahon. 1990. Evaluation of automated techniques for base flow and recession analyses. Water Resources Research, 26(7): 1465-1473.
  65. Nyenje, P.M. and O. Batelaan. 2009. Estimating the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge and baseflow in the Upper Ssezibwa Catchment, Uganda. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 54(4): 713-726.
  66. O’geen, A.T., P.A. McDaniel, J. Boll and E. Brooks. 2003. Hydrologic processes in valley soilscapes of the eastern Palouse Basin in northern Idaho. Soil Science, 168(12): 846-855.
  67. Oke, T.R. 1979. Advectively-assisted evapotranspiration from irrigated urban vegetation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 17(2): 167-173.
  68. Perillo, C.A., S.C. Gupta, E.A. Nater and J.F. Moncrief. 1999. Prevalence and initiation of preferential flow paths in a sandy loam with argillic horizon. Geoderma, 89(3): 307-331.
  69. Price, K.C.R., A.J. Jackson, T. Parker, J. Reitan and M.J. Dowd. 2010. Effects of watershed land use and geomorphology on stream base flows in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains. In Coweeta long Term Ecological Research Program Summer Research Meeting, Otto, NC, June (pages 28-29)
  70. Rasiah, V. and B.D. Kay. 1995. Runoff and soil loss as influenced by selected stability parameters and cropping and tillage practices. Geoderma, 68(4): 321-329.
  71. Reihan, A., T. Koltsova, J. Kriauciuniene, L. Lizuma and D. Meilutyte-Barauskiene. 2007. Changes in water discharges of the Baltic States rivers in the 20th century and its relation to climate change. Hydrology Research, 38(4-5): 401-412.
  72. Reuter, R.J. and J.C. Bell. 2003. Hillslope hydrology and soil morphology for a wetland basin in south-central Minnesota. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 67(1): 365-372.
  73. Rodhe, A., L. Nyberg and K. Bishop. 1996. Transit times for water in a small till catchment from a step shift in the oxygen 18 content of the water input. Water Resources Research, 32(12): 3497-3511.
  74. Rose, S. and N.E. Peters. 2001. Effects of urbanization on streamflow in the Atlanta area (Georgia, USA): a comparative hydrological approach. Hydrological Processes, 15(8): 1441-1457.
  75. Saffari, A., A. Ghanavati, F. Alijani and M. Zakiye. 2018. Overview of karst landforms characteristics in the gypsum layers. Quantitative Geomorphological Research, 4(4): 17-39 (in Persian).
  76. Santhi, C., P.M. Allen, R.S. Muttiah, J.G. Arnold and P. Tuppad. 2008. Regional estimation of base flow for the conterminous United States by hydrologic landscape regions. Journal of Hydrology, 351(1): 139-153.
  77. Schilling, K.E. and M. Helmers. 2008. Effects of subsurface drainage tiles on streamflow in Iowa agricultural watersheds: exploratory hydrograph analysis. Hydrological Processes, 22(23): 4497-4506.
  78. Schilling, K.E. and R.D. Libra. 2003. Increased baseflow in Iowa over the second half of the 20th century. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39(4): 851–860.
  79. Schilling, K.E. 2009. Investigating local variation in groundwater recharge along a topographic gradient, Walnut Creek, Iowa, USA. Hydrogeology Journal, 17(2): 397-407.
  80. Schulz, W.H., D.J. Lidke and J.W. Godt. 2008. Modeling the spatial distribution of landslide-prone colluvium and shallow groundwater on hillslopes of Seattle, WA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 33(1): 123-141.
  81. Seaton, W.J. and T.J. Burbey. 2005. Influence of ancient thrust faults on the hydrogeology of the Blue Ridge Province. Groundwater, 43(3): 301-313.
  82. Seiler, K.P. and J.A. Rivas. 1999. Recharge and discharge of the Caracas Aquifer, Venezuela. International Contributions to Hydrogeology, 21: 233-238.
  83. Sharifi, F. 2017. Investigation of water processes and capacities in the country with the help of measured and computer simulated data. Publications of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, 312 pages (in Persian).
  84. Sidle, R.C., Y. Tsuboyama, S. Noguchi, I. Hosoda, M. Fujieda and T. Shimizu. 2000. Stormflow generation in steep forested headwaters: a linked hydrogeomorphic paradigm. Hydrological Processes, 14(3): 369-385.
  85. Simmons, D.L. and R.J. Reynolds. 1982. Effects of urbanization on base flow of selected south-shore streams, Long Island, New York. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 18(5): 797-805.
  86. Smakhtin, V.U. 2001. Estimating continuous monthly baseflow time series and their possible applications in the context of the ecological reserve. Water SA, 27(2): 213-218.
  87. Smakhtin, V.U. 2001. Low flow hydrology: a review. Journal of Hydrology, 240(3): 147-186.
  88. Soulsby, C., D. Tetzlaff, P. Rodgers, S. Dunn and S. Waldron. 2006. Runoff processes, stream water residence times and controlling landscape characteristics in a mesoscale catchment: an initial evaluation. Journal of Hydrology, 325(1): 197-221.
  89. Szilagyi, J. and M.B. Parlange. 1998. Baseflow separation based on analytical solutions of the Boussinesq equation. Journal of Hydrology, 204(1-4): 251-260.
  90. Tague, C., G. Grant, M. Farrell, J. Choate and A. Jefferson. 2008. Deep groundwater mediates streamflow response to climate warming in the Oregon Cascades. Climatic Change, 86(1): 189-210.
  91. Tallaksen, L.M. 1995. A review of baseflow recession analysis. Journal of Hydrology, 165(1-4): 349-370.
  92. Tetzlaff, D. and C. Soulsby. 2008. Sources of baseflow in larger catchments using tracers to develop a holistic understanding of runoff generation. Journal of Hydrology, 359(3): 287-302.
  93. Tetzlaff, D., J. Seibert, K.J. McGuire, H. Laudon, D.A. Burns, S.M. Dunn and C. Soulsby. 2009. How does landscape structure influence catchment transit time across different geomorphic provinces? Hydrological Processes, 23(6): 945-953.
  94. Vivoni, E.R., D. Entekhabi, R.L. Bras and V.Y. Ivanov. 2007. Controls on runoff generation and 722 scale-dependence in a distributed hydrologic model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11(5): 1683-1701.
  95. Wang, D. and X. Cai. 2010. Comparative study of climate and human impacts on seasonal baseflow in urban and agricultural watersheds. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(6): 1-6.
  96. Warner, G.S., A.R. García-Martinó, F.N. Scatena and D.L. Civco. 2003. Watershed characterization by GIS for low flow prediction. GIS For Water Resources and Watershed Management, London: Taylor and Francis, 101-107.
  97. White, E.L. 1977. Sustained flow in small Appalachian watersheds underlain by carbonate rocks. Journal of Hydrology, 32(1): 71-86.
  98. Wilk, J., L. Andersson and V. Plermkamon. 2001. Hydrological impacts of forest conversion to agriculture in a large river basin in northeast Thailand. Hydrological Processes, 15(14): 2729-2748.
  99. Wilkison, D.H. and D.W. Blevins. 1999. Observations on preferential flow and horizontal transport of nitrogen fertilizer in the unsaturated zone. Journal of Environmental Quality, 28(5): 1568-1580.
  100. Witty, J.H., R.C. Graham, K.R. Hubbert, J.A. Doolittle and J.A. Wald. 2003. Contributions of water supply from the weathered bedrock zone to forest soil quality. Geoderma, 114(3): 389-400.
  101. Woods, R.A., M. Sivapalan and J.S. Robinson. 1997. Modeling the spatial variability of subsurface runoff using a topographic index. Water Resources Research, 33(5): 1061-1073.
  102. Yeakley, J.A., W.T. Swank, L.W. Swift, G.M. Hornberger and H.H. Shugart. 1998. Soil moisture gradients and controls on a southern Appalachian hillslope from drought through recharge. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2(1): 41-49.
  103. Zare Chahouki, A., Salajeghe, M. Mahdavi, Sh. Khalighi-Sigaridi and S. Asadi. 2013. Regional model of flow continuity curve of watersheds without statistics of arid regions, case study: Central Iran. Journal of Range and Watershed Management. Iranian Jurnal of Natural Resources, 66(2): 251-265 (in Persian).
  104. Zhang, Y.K. and K.E. Schilling. 2006. Increasing streamflow and baseflow in Mississippi River since the 1940s: effect of land use change. Journal of Hydrology, 324(1): 412-422.
مهندسی و مدیریت آبخیز
دوره 13، شماره 4
بهمن 1400
صفحه 650-671
فایل ها
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار