با همکاری انجمن آبخیزداری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

مربی بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان‌شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، اموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

استفاده بهینه از نزولات جوی در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک می‌تواند نقش بسزایی در تأمین نیاز آبی فضای سبز در فصول کم‌آب داشته باشد. از طرف دیگر، ضعیف بودن پوشش گیاهی در اراضی شیب‌دار باعث تخریب و فرسایش این‌گونه اراضی می‌شود که در صورت مدیریت صحیح منابع آب و خاک می‌توان بخشی از مشکلات مذکور را برطرف کرد. بارش‌های جوی از مهمترین منابع در تأمین آب برای مصارف مختلف هستند. یکی از روش‌های جمع‌آوری آب باران، غیرقابل نفوذ کردن سطح زمین و به بیشینه رساندن رواناب ناشی از بارش است. سطوح غیرقابل نفوذ می‌توانند مانند سطوح سنگی به‌صورت طبیعی وجود داشته، یا با پوشاندن سطح زمین از موادی مانند آسفالت، بتن، ورقه‌های عایق مانند پلاستیک، ژئوممبران و دکاموند به‌طور مصنوعی ایجاد شوند. این پژوهش که در قسمت شمالی شهر تبریز اجرا شد، چهار نوع تیمار، هر کدام در سه تکرار به مساحت چهار متر مربع (m2×m2) در نظر گرفته شدند که شامل سطح آبگیر پوشش ژئوممبران، پوشش پلاستیک با محافظ شنی، سطح طبیعی و سطح طبیعی با مالچ شنی بودند. نتایج حاصل از 78 مورد بارش (747 میلی‌متر) در مدت دو سال، نشان داد که در شیب‌های متوسط 38.6-33 درصد رواناب حاصل از بارش برای پوشش ژئوممبران، پلاستیک با محافظ شنی، سطح طبیعی و سطح طبیعی با مالچ شنی به‌ترتیب برابر 84، 67، سه و دو درصد و آستانه بارش برای شروع رواناب در سطوح مذکور به‌ترتیب برابر 0.28، 2.56، 9.95 و 11.12 میلی‌متر است. بنابراین، با توجه به بارش نرمال سالانه (245.7 میلی‌متر)، حجم رواناب جمع شده برای پوشش ژئوممبران، پوشش پلاستیک با محافظ شنی، سطح طبیعی و سطح طبیعی با مالچ شنی به‌ترتیب برابر 206، 164، هفت و پنج لیتر بر متر مربع در سال خواهد بود. با توجه به مقایسه میانگین‌ها، تیمار پوشش ژئوممبران به‌عنوان یک گزینه مناسب در تولید رواناب تشخیص داده شد. همچنین، وجود مالچ شنی بر روی سطح طبیعی منجر به کاهش 10 برابری فرسایش خاک شده، فرسایش خاک را در مدت دو سال، از 97 گرم بر متر مربع به 9.5 گرم بر متر مربع کاهش می‌دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of the effect of different surfaces of rainwater catchment on runoff production and erosion control

نویسنده [English]

  • Davood Niknezhad

Faculty Member, Research and Education Center for Agricultural and Natural Resources of East Azarbaijan

چکیده [English]

Optimal use of rainfall in arid and semi-arid regions can play an important role in meeting the water needs of green space in low water seasons. On the other hand, poor vegetation can cause erosion and destruction in sloping lands that can be partially resolved if water and soil resources are properly managed. Rainfall is one of the most important sources of water supply for various uses. One of the methods of collecting rainwater is to make the ground impermeable and to maximize rainwater runoff. Impermeable surfaces can exist naturally like rock surfaces, or can be artificially created by covering the ground with materials such as asphalt, concrete, insulation sheets such as plastic, geomembrane and decamond. This study, which was carried out in the northern part of Tabriz, was conducted in four treatments, each with three replications of 4 m2 (2m×2m), including geomembrane cover area, plastic cover with sand protection, natural surface and natural surface with sand mulch. Results of 78 rainfall events over two years showed that in intermediate slopes of 33-38.6%, runoff from rainfall for geomembrane, plastic cover with sand protection, natural surface and natural surface with sand mulch were 84, 67, 3 and 2% of rainfall respectively and rainfall threshold for runoff at mentioned surfaces was 0.28, 2.56, 9.95 and 11.12 mm, respectively. Therefore, with respect to annual normal rainfall (245.7 mm), the volume of runoff accumulated for geomembrane, plastic cover with sand protection, natural surface and natural surface with sand mulch will be 206, 164, seven and five Lm-2 ina year, respectively. Comparing the means, the geomembrane cover treatment was identified as a suitable option for runoff production. Also, sand mulch on the natural surface reduces soil erosion from 97 to 9.5 grm-2 in two years.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Geomembrane
  • Insulation surface
  • Rainwater
  • Sand mulch
  • sloping lands
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