با همکاری انجمن آبخیزداری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

2 استاد، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

3 استادیار، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

تحلیل داده‌­های بار رسوب معلق در رودخانه‌­ها اساس شناخت روند فرسایش و رسوب در بحث مدیریت و برنامه‌­ریزی منابع آب و خاک است. به‌­دلیل عدم دسترسی به داده‌­های بار رسوب معلق روزانه با اندازه­‌گیری مستقیم، استفاده از روش‌­هایی برای مدل­‌سازی و برآورد آن در حوزه‌­های آبخیز حائز اهمیت است. یکی از روش‌­های مناسب مورد استفاده در این زمینه، به­‌کارگیری شبکه­‌های عصبی مصنوعی است. برای مدل­‌سازی بار رسوب معلق روزانه، ایستگاه هیدرومتری سیرا در حوزه آبخیز رودخانه کرج مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. تعداد داده مورد استفاده در این پژوهش، 624 داده با طول دوره­ آماری 31 سال (از سال 1360 تا1390) است. متغیرهای ورودی به­ مدل­‌های شبکه عصبی مصنوعی شامل دبی لحظه‌­ای، متوسط دبی روزانه، متوسط دبی روزانه با تاخیر سه روزه، متوسط بارش روزانه و متوسط بارش روزانه با تاخیر سه روزه و متغیر خروجی به مدل‌­ها بار رسوب معلق روزانه است. برای تعیین متغیرهای بهینه و بهترین ترکیب متغیرها برای ورود به مدل از آزمون گاما و الگوریتم ژنتیک استفاده شد. سپس، این ترکیب­‌ها به­­‌همراه برخی از ترکیب متغیرهای حاصل از آزمون و خطا، وارد مدل­‌های شبکه‌­های عصبی مصنوعی شد. از شبکه عصبی نگاشت خودسازمان­ده برای خوشه­‌بندی داده‌­ها استفاده و داده‌­ها به سه گروه همگن، شامل 70 درصد برای آموزش، 15 درصد برای اعتبارسنجی و 15 درصدی برای آزمون جدا شد. در ادامه، ترکیب متغیرها وارد مدل­‌های شبکه­ عصبی با توابع فعال­‌سازی لوگ سیگموئید و تانژانت سیگموئید شد. نتایج نشان داد، در بین تمام ترکیب­های ورودی به مدل­های شبکه عصبی، مدل با تابع فعال­سازی تانژانت سیگموئید با ترکیب متغیرهای ورودی شامل دبی لحظه­‌ای (Q)، دبی متوسط روزانه (Qi)، دبی متوسط روزانه دو روز قبل (Qi-2)، دبی متوسط روزانه سه روز قبل (Qi-3)، بارندگی متوسط روزانه (Pi)، بارندگی متوسط روزانه دو روز قبل (Pi-2) و بارندگی متوسط روزانه سه روز قبل (Pi-3) مدل مناسب برای برآورد بار رسوب معلق روزانه شد. این مدل کمترین مقدار خطا، بالاترین کارایی مدل و کمترین انحراف استاندارد عمومی را در مقایسه با سایر مدل‌­ها دارد. این مدل، بهترین ترکیب با تاثیرگذارترین متغیرهای ورودی ­به‌­دست آمده از آزمون گاما و الگوریتم ژنتیک برای برآورد SSL است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Optimal combinations of hydrological variables for modeling of daily suspended sediment load in Karaj Watershed

نویسندگان [English]

  • Adele Alijanpour Shalmani 1
  • Alireza Vaezi 2
  • Mahmoudreza Tabatabaei 3

1 PhD Student, Soil Science. Department, University of Zanjan, Iran

2 Professor Soil Science Department, University of Zanjan, Iran

3 3Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Analysis of suspended sediment load data in rivers is the basis for understanding the trend of erosion and sediment in the management and planning of soil and water resources. Due to lack of access to daily suspended sediment loading data with direct measurement, it is important to use methods for modeling and estimating it in watersheds. One of the best methods used in this field is the use of artificial neural networks. To evaluate daily suspended sediment load, Sira hydrometric station was studied in Karaj River watershed. The number of data used in this study included 624 information records of 31 years (1981–2011) statistical period .Input data to the artificial neural network models included instantaneous flow discharge, average daily flow discharge, average daily flow discharge with a delay of three days, average daily precipitation and average daily precipitation with a delay of three days. Output data to models was daily suspended sediment load. In this research, gamma test and genetic algorithm were used to obtain optimal variables and best combination of variables for entering the model. Then, these combinations with some combination of test and error variables were entered to artificial neural network models. The self-organizing map neural network was used for data clustering and all data were divided into three homogeneous groups: 70 percentage training data, 15 percentage validation data and 15 percentage test data. Then, the combination of variables entered to neural network models with activation functions log sigmoid and tangent sigmoid. The results showed that the neural networks using the optimal variable combinations in comparison with manual combinations have a more accurate estimate for suspended sediment load. In all combinations of inputs to neural network models, a model with tangent sigmoid activation function, with input variables combination including, instantaneous flow discharge (Q), average daily flow discharge (Qi), average daily flow discharge for two day ago (Qi-2), average daily flow discharge for three day ago (Qi-3), average daily precipitation (Pi), average daily precipitation for two day ago (Pi-2) and average daily precipitation for three day ago (Pi-3), was the best model for estimating daily suspended sediment load. This model has the lowest of error (MAE=500.05 (ton/day), RMSE=1995.33(ton/day) and Erel=7%), the highest accuracy (R2=0.96), the highest performance model (NSE=0.96) and has the lowest general standard deviation (GSD=0.97) compared to other models. Also, this model is the best combination with the most influential input variables derived from gamma test and genetic algorithm for estimating SSL.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Artificial neural network
  • Clustering
  • Gamma test
  • Self-organizing map
  • Tangent sigmoid
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