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فرسایش قابل تحمل: مفاهیم و روش‌های برآورد متناسب با شرایط ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، گروه حفاظت آب و خاک، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

2 پژوهشگر، گروه مهندسی حفاظت آب و خاک، پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه
برآوردهای انجام شده در کشور، نشان از هدررفت سالانه حدود یک میلیارد مترمکعب خاک از عرصه منابع اراضی کشور است. اگرچه ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی این حجم از اتلاف منابع خاک از این رهگذر کار دشواری است، ولی با توجه ‌به تعادل شکننده زیست‌بوم‌های موجود در منابع اراضی کشور، می‌توان پیش‌بینی کرد که این حجم اتلاف منابع چه زیان جبران‌ناپذیر و برگشت‌ناپذیری را به ظرفیت تولید و کارکرد این منابع وارد می‌کند. بخشی از این اتلاف خاک به‌وسیله فرایندهای خاک‌سازی جبران و جایگزین می‌شود و تا زمانی که میزان فرسایش از نرخ خاک‌سازی پیشی ‌نگرفته است، به‌ نوعی فرایندی طبیعی و اجتناب‌ناپذیر تلقی می‌شود. داشتن اطلاع از نرخ جایگزینی طبیعی برای رصد تغییرات کیفیت و کمیت این منبع طبیعی و دانستن روند زوال یا بهبودی آن ضروری است. به‌علاوه، فرسایش خاک در خارج از محل وقوع خود، خساراتی را از منظر اقتصادی، تنوع زیستی و نیز بر چشم‌انداز طبیعی وارد می‌کند. حد قابل تحمل این نوع خسارات نیز استاندارد علمی خاص خود را طلب می‌‌کند. از سوی دیگر، سالانه ارقام کلانی از منابع مالی کشور صرف اقدامات آبخیزداری می‌شود. این در حالی است که یک استاندارد منطقه‌ای کمی برای طراحی این اقدامات و همچنین یک شیوه‌نامه کاربردی، برای ارزیابی میزان اثرگذاری این اقدامات در دست نیست. این استاندارد و نیز کمیت نرخ باززایی و تجدید‌پذیری خاک، در جهان تحت عنوان فرسایش قابل تحمل خاک (T) شناخته شده است.
 
مواد و روش‌ها
در این نوشتار تلاش شده تا ضمن رصد توسعه مفاهیم فرسایش قابل تحمل در جهان، فنون و شیوه‌‌های توسعه یافته، با نگاهی به قابلیت تعمیم و کاربرد در شرایط ایران مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در این پژوهش، مروری بر 109 مقاله علمی پژوهشی داخلی و خارجی صورت گرفته است و خلاصه‌ای از نحوه شکل‌گیری مفهوم فرسایش قابل تحمل در علوم خاک، عامل‌های مؤثر بر مقدار T و همچنین روش‌های محاسبه آن معرفی و ارزیابی می‌شود. علاوه‌بر این، خلاصه‌ای از تحقیقات صورت‌گرفته و نتایج آن‌‌ها در ارتباط با فرسایش قابل تحمل و آشنایی با روش‌های مختلف در این زمینه ارائه و پیشنهادها و نیازهای تحقیقاتی و راهکارهای بهینه برآورد فرسایش قابل‌ تحمل برای شرایط کشور معرفی شده است.
 
نتایج و بحث
مفهوم فرسایش قابل تحمل خاک که در برنامه‌های حفاظت خاک به‌کار می‌رود، برای حفظ قابلیت تولید نامحدود زمین‌های زراعی در درازمدت مناسب نیست. زیرا این مقادیر بر اساس فرضیات نادرستی درباره نرخ‌های تشکیل لایه سطحی خاک و فرایندهای هوازدگی معدنی تعیین شده‌اند. این مفهوم بر دو فرض بنا شده است: اول، دانشمندان خاک می‌توانند به‌طور قابل اعتماد و دقیق، بیشینه نرخ‌های فرسایش قابل تحمل را ارزیابی کنند. دوم، سیاست‌گذاران می‌توانند این ارزیابی‌ها را به‌طور عینی در برابر منافع یا نیازهای مختلف سنجش و متعادل کنند. در حالی که هر دو فرض باید به چالش کشیده شوند تا صحت آن‌‌ها مشخص شود. ممکن است ملاحظات سیاسی کوتاه‌ مدت ایجاب کند که سیاست‌های عمومی به تدریج اجازه دهند منابع خاک بدون وقفه تخریب شوند. تا حدی که دیگر برای کشاورزی قابل استفاده نباشند. اما حمایت مستمر از چنین سیاستی باید به وضوح به میزان و کیفیت اطلاعات موجود درباره نرخ‌های تشکیل خاک در شرایط کشاورزی توجه داشته باشد. مقادیر فرسایش قابل تحمل خاک بسیار مهم هستند و نباید بر اساس فرضیات نادرست و غیرعلمی تعیین شوند. نکته دیگر آن‌‌که، بررسی خسارات فرسایش خاک در خارج از محل وقوع فرسایش بر روی تأسیسات، زیرساخت‌ها و منابع زیستی نیز مستلزم رصد کردن شاخص‌‌هایی در خارج از محل وقوع فرسایش برای ارزیابی است. در مجموع با بررسی روش‌‌های تعیین فرسایش قابل تحمل ارائه شده می‎‌توان بیان کرد که روش‌های پیشنهادی Macedo می‌تواند روش مناسبی برای شرایط ایران باشد، با توجه به کمبود داده در ایران و از این نظر که ویژگی‎های مورد بررسی در این روش سهل‌‌الوصول هستند.
 
نتیجه‌گیری
با توجه به این‌‌که پذیرش مفهوم فرسایش قابل تحمل بر اساس شرایط حاصلخیزی (توان تولید) و سرعت تشکیل خاک کافی نیست و اثرات برون عرصه‌ای فرسایش خاک نیز باید در آن لحاظ شود، در نتیجه تحقیقات بیشتر و علمی‌تری در این زمینه ضروری است. از آنجایی که مفهوم تحمل از دست دادن خاک برای برنامه‌ریزی راهبردهای حفاظت خاک مفید است، برآورد کمی آن نیز ضروری است و بهتر است با در نظر گرفتن رگبارهای حدی به جای شرایط متوسط انجام شود. به همین دلیل، باید تحقیقاتی در زمینه توزیع آماری بیشینه تلفات سالانه خاک در مناطق مختلف جهان انجام شود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Tolerable soil erosion: concepts and estimation methods suitable for Iran's conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Yahya Parvizi 1
  • Zahra Gerami 2

1 Professor, Water and Soil Conservation Engineering Department, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

2 Researcher, Water and Soil Conservation Engineering Department, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Estimates in Iran indicate an annual loss of about one billion cubic meters of soil from the country's land resources. Although quantifying the economic value of this volume of soil resource loss is difficult, the fragile ecological balance of ecosystems in the country's land resources suggests that this volume of resource loss will cause irreparable and irreversible damage to the production capacity and functioning of these resources. A part of this soil loss is compensated for and replaced by soil formation processes, and as long as the rate of erosion does not exceed the rate of soil formation, it is considered a natural and inevitable process. Knowing the rate of natural replacement is necessary for monitoring changes in the quality and quantity of this natural resource and for understanding the process of its deterioration or recovery. In addition, soil erosion beyond its place of occurrence causes economic, biodiversity, and natural landscape damages. The tolerable limit for this type of damage also requires its own scientific standard. On the other hand, substantial amounts of the country's financial resources are spent annually on watershed management measures. However, there is no quantitative regional standard for the design of these measures, nor a practical guideline for evaluating their effectiveness of these measures. This standard, along with the rate of soil regeneration and renewability, is known worldwide as tolerable soil erosion.
 
Materials and methods
In this article, the development of the concepts of tolerable erosion worldwide has been monitored, and the developed techniques and methods have been investigated for their potential generalization and application to the conditions of Iran. In this study, 109 domestic and international research articles were reviewed, and a summary is provided of the evolution of the concept of tolerable soil erosion, the factors influencing the T-value, and the methods for its calculation. Additionally, a summary of the research conducted, their results related to tolerable erosion, and various methodologies in this field are presented. Recommendations, research needs, and optimal strategies for estimating tolerable erosion in the country's conditions are also presented.
 
Results and discussion
The concept of tolerable soil erosion used in soil conservation programs is not suitable for maintaining the long-term indefinite productivity of agricultural lands over the long term. This is because these values are based on incorrect assumptions about the rates of topsoil formation and mineral weathering processes. The concept is built on two assumptions: first, that soil scientists can reliably and accurately assess the maximum tolerable erosion rates; and second, that policymakers can objectively weigh and balance these assessments against various interests or needs. Both assumptions should be challenged. Short-term political considerations might require that public policies allow soil resources to be degraded gradually and continuously to the point where they are no longer usable for agriculture. However, sustained support for such policies must clearly take into account the quantity and quality of available information on soil formation rates under agricultural conditions. Another point is that assessing soil erosion damages beyond the site of erosion to facilities, infrastructures, and biological resources also requires monitoring indicators off-site for evaluation. Tolerable soil erosion values are crucial and should not be determined based on incorrect and unscientific assumptions. Overall, after reviewing the proposed methods for determining tolerable erosion, it can be concluded that the method suggested by Macedo could be appropriate for Iran's conditions, given that the parameters examined in this method are easily accessible and, considering the data scarcity in Iran, this method is well-suited to these conditions.
 
Conclusion
Given that the concept of tolerable erosion based on soil fertility and soil formation rates is insufficient, and that the off-site effects of soil erosion should also be considered, more extensive and scientific research in this field is necessary. Since the concept of tolerable soil loss is useful for planning soil conservation strategies, its quantitative estimation is essential and should be performed taking into account extreme rainfall events rather than average conditions. Therefore, research on the statistical distribution of maximum annual soil losses in different regions of the world is necessary.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Erosion models
  • Soil fertility
  • Soil loss
  • Soil quality
  • Soil formation
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