با همکاری انجمن آبخیزداری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

2 کارشناس ارشد آبیاری و زهکشی، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه
وجود آب برای کشاورزی، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است و با وجود بحران آبی که همه ‌ساله هم به‌صورت کمی ‌و هم به‌صورت کیفی شدید‌تر می‌شود، باید به‌طور جدی به این مساله توجه شود. منابع آب شامل آب‌های سطحی و زیرزمینی می‌شود که از نظر کیفی، آب‌های سطحی در معرض خطر بیشتری هستند، بنابراین، برای حفظ آن­‌ها باید منابع آلودگی را شناخته و راهکارهای مناسب برای پیشگیری یا رفع این آلودگی‌ها ارائه شود.
 
مواد و روش‌ها
در این پژوهش، چرخه انتقال فسفات در حوزه آبخیز زنجان‌رود با استفاده از مدل SWAT شبیه‌سازی شده است. برای واسنجی و اعتبارسنجی از نرم‌افزار SWAT-CUP و مقادیر اندازه‌گیری شده شدت جریان متوسط ماهانه در ایستگاه آب‌سنجی سرچم بین سال‌های 1996 تا 2013، استفاده شده و برای تحلیل حساسیت نیز 26 پارامتر حساس، انتخاب شده است. سه گزینه برای شیوه آبیاری، سه گزینه برای میزان کود مصرفی و دو گزینه تلفیقی تعریف‌ شده است. به‌منظور تحلیل عدم قطعیت از شاخص‌های p-factor و r-factor و برای تحلیل کیفیت نتایج مدل، از دو شاخص ضریب تعیین (R2) و ضریب نش-ساتکلیف (NS)، استفاده شده است. 
 
نتایج و بحث
در مرحله واسنجی رواناب ماهانه در خروجی حوضه، ضرایب r-factor ،p-factor ،R2 ، NS، بهترتیب 0.27، 0.11، 0.83 و 0.53 و در مرحله اعتبارسنجی به‌ترتیب 0.60، 0.18، 0.73 و 0.53 به‌­دست آمده است. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش سطح آبیاری تحت فشار، میزان آلودگی فسفات در خروجی حوضه تغییر چشم‌گیری ندارد. در رابطه با میزان کود، کاهش 50 درصدی مصرف کودهای فسفاته، مقدار فسفات ورودی به رودخانه زنجان‌رود را به میزان 19.2درصد کاهش داده است. از طرفی، افزایش 50 درصدی مصرف کودها، فسفات ورودی را به میزان 17.7 درصد افزایش داده است. 
 
نتیجه‌گیری
نتایج حاکی از عملکرد مناسب مدل SWAT و توانایی آن در شبیه‌سازی مذکور بود. همچنین، با تغییر شیوه آبیاری سطحی به تحت فشار و افزایش راندمان آبیاری، تغییر چشمگیری در میانگین میزان فسفات خروجی از سطح حوضه ایجاد نمی‌شود. از طرفی با کاهش مقادیر کود‌دهی و جلوگیری از کود‌دهی بی‌رویه به‌وسیله کشاورزان، به میزان زیادی می‌توان مانع آلودگی منابع آب‌های سطحی و زیرزمینی شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Simulation of phosphate transfer cycle in Zanjanrood River using SWAT model

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farhad Misaghi 1
  • Parisa Asgari 2
  • Maryam Nouri 2

1 Assistant Professor, Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

2 Msc of Irrigation and Drainage Expert, Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
The availability of water for agriculture is of great importance, and despite the water crisis that is becoming more severe every year, both quantitatively and qualitatively, this issue should be seriously considered. Water resources include surface and groundwater, which are qualitatively more at risk, therefore, in order to preserve them, the sources of pollution must be known and appropriate solutions must be provided to prevent or eliminate these pollutions.
 
Materials and methods
In this research, phosphate transfer cycle in Zanjanrood Watershed has been simulated using SWAT model. For calibration and validation, SWAT-CUP software and measured values ​​of average monthly current intensity at Sarcham hydrometric station between (1996-2013) were used and 26 sensitive parameters were selected for sensitivity analysis. There are three options for irrigation method, three options for fertilizer application and two combined options. In order to analyze the uncertainty of the indicators p-factor and r-factor and to analyze the quality of the model results, two indices of coefficient of determination (R2) and nash-sutcliffe coefficient (NS) have been used.
 
Results and discussion
In the monthly runoff calibration stage, at the output of the field, the coefficients of r-factor, p-factor, R2, NS were 0.27, 0.11, 0.83 and 0.53, respectively, and in the validation stage were 0.60, 0.18, 0.73 and 0.53, respectively. The results showed that with increasing the level of pressurized irrigation, the amount of phosphate contamination at the outlet of the basin did not change significantly. Regarding the amount of fertilizer, the 50% reduction in the consumption of phosphate fertilizers has reduced the amount of phosphate entering the Zanjanrud River by 19.2%. On the other hand, a 50% increase in the use of fertilizers has increased the input phosphate by 17.7%.
 
Conclusion
The results showed the proper performance of the SWAT model and its ability in the mentioned simulation. Also, by changing the surface irrigation method to subsurface and increasing the irrigation efficiency, there is no significant change in the average amount of phosphate output from the basin. On the other hand, by reducing the amount of fertilizer and preventing improper fertilization by farmers, pollution of surface and groundwater resources can be greatly prevented.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fertilizer
  • Irrigation system
  • Phosphate fertilizers
  • Sarchem hydrometer station
  • Surface water sources
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