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برآورد و ارزیابی مولفه‌های بیلان آب با واسنجی مدل SWAT، مطالعه موردی: دشت مهاباد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی آبیاری و آبادانی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 استاد، گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

مدل SWAT، به‌‏عنوان یک مدل جامع شبیه‏‌سازی آب سطحی در برآورد مولفه‌های بیلان آب با قابلیت امکان بررسی سناریوهای مختلف مدیریتی بر منابع آب پذیرفته‌ شده است. در اغلب مطالعات، مدل SWAT بر اساس دقت در برآورد رواناب سطحی و مقایسه آن با اندازه‏گیری‏‌های میدانی در ایستگاه‏‌های هیدرومتری واسنجی می‏‌شود. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، استفاده از مدل واسنجی شده SWAT در برآورد برخی مولفه‌های بیلان آب شامل نفوذ عمقی، نشت جانبی، جریان برگشتی از آبخوان به رودخانه در دشت مهاباد است. ارزیابی مولفه‌های بیلان آب در منطقه غیراشباع و اثربخشی آن در بیلان آب آبخوان در مدیریت بهره‌برداری از منابع آب تلفیقی، مهم است. بررسی‌‏ها نشان داد، مدل واسنجی شده SWAT قادر به برآورد تفاوت میزان نفوذ عمقی در سال ‌تر نسبت به سال‏ نرمال و تفاوت نفوذ در سال تر نسبت به سال خشک تحت تاثیر افزایش سطح بارندگی بوده است، به‌طوری‌که نتایج نشان داد مقدار نفوذ عمقی در سال تر نسبت به سال‏‌های نرمال و خشک به‌­ترتیب حدود 23 و 43 درصد افزایش یافته است. به‏‌طور متوسط میزان نفوذ عمقی برابر با 157.86 میلی‏‌متر (17.1درصد) برآورد شده است. در عین‌ حال، مدل قادر به برآورد تفاوت میزان نفوذ در پهنه‌های مختلف دشت و در فصول مختلف سال با توجه به نوع کاربری و الگوی مدیریتی اراضی بوده است. میزان جریان جانبی نیز در سال تر نسبت به سال خشک افزایش یافته است، به‌طوری‌که میزان این مولفه دو برابر شده است. در این مطالعه، میزان متوسط جریان برگشتی از آبخوان به رودخانه نیز به میزان 14.1درصد (129.6میلی‏‌متر) برآورد شد. بررسی‌‏ها نشان داد، وجود سطح آب زیرزمینی کم‏‌عمق، سهم قابل توجهی در ایجاد جریانات سطحی برگشتی از آبخوان به رودخانه دارد. به‌طورکلی، نتایج نشان داد تغذیه ناشی از بارندگی و آب آبیاری از منطقه غیراشباع به‌‏عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین مولفه‏‌های ورودی مدل‌‏‏های آب‏ زیرزمینی مانند MODFLOW در مناطق خشک و نیمه‏ خشک است. میزان تغذیه در برآورد دقیق‌‏تر نوسانات سطح ایستابی حائز اهمیت است. با توجه به این‌که مدل MODFLOW به‏‌خوبی قابلیت برآورد فرایندهای تغذیه و جریان جانبی در منطقه غیراشباع را ندارد، لذا استفاده هم­زمان از مدل­‌های شبیه‌سازی SWAT و MODFLOW در برآورد مولفه‌های بیلان آب منطقه غیراشباع و تلفیق آن با مدل زیرزمینی در مطالعات و مدیریت بهره‌­برداری از منابع آب تلفیقی اهمیت دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Estimation and evaluation of water balance components by calibrated SWAT Model,, case study: Mahabad Plain

نویسندگان [English]

  • Omid Raja 1
  • Masoud Parsinejad 2
  • Masoud Tajrishy 3

1 Ph.D. candidate, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The SWAT Model has been accepted as a comprehensive surface water simulation model in estimating water balance components with the ability to study different management scenarios on water resources. In most studies, the SWAT Model is calibrated based on the accuracy of surface runoff estimation, and its comparison with field measurements in hydrometric stations. In a previous study, the performance of the SWAT Model in estimating runoff, evapotranspiration, and yield of wheat, barley, corn, sugar beet, alfalfa, apple, and grape crops in the Mahabad Plain was satisfactory and acceptable. The purpose of the present study was to use the SWAT calibrated model in estimating other components of water balance including deep percolation, lateral flow, return flow from the aquifer to the river in the same area. Assessing the components of water balance in the unsaturated zone, and its effectiveness in aquifer balance is important in managing the utilization of integrated water resources. The results showed that the calibrated model was able to estimate the difference between the deep percolation in the wetted year compared to normal years, and the difference in the infiltration in the wet year compared to the dry year under the influence of increasing rainfall. The results showed that the amount of deep percolation in the wetted year compared to normal and dry years has increased by about 23% and 43%, respectively. The average depth percolation is estimated 157.86 mm (17.1%). At the same time, the model has been able to estimate the difference in the amount of infiltration in different areas of the plain, and in different seasons of the year according to the type of land use and land management patterns. The amount of lateral flow has also increased in the wetted year compared to the dry year, so that the amount of this component has doubled. In this study, the average return flow from the aquifer to the river was estimated to be 20.9% (129.6 mm). Surveys have shown that the presence of shallow groundwater level has a significant role in creating surface return flow from the aquifer to the river. In general, the results showed that recharge due to rainfall and irrigation water from unsaturated zone is one of the most important input components of groundwater models such as MODFLOW in arid and semi-arid regions. The amount of recharge is important in more accurately estimating water level fluctuations. Given that the MODFLOW Model is not well able to estimate the recharge processes and lateral flow in the unsaturated zone. Therefore, the simultaneous use of SWAT and MODFLOW models in estimating the water balance components of the unsaturated zone and combining it with the groundwater model is important in studies and management of operation of integrated water resources.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Evapotranpiration
  • MODFLOW
  • Recharge
  • Return flow
  • Run off
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مهندسی و مدیریت آبخیز
دوره 15، شماره 1
فروردین 1402
صفحه 109-129
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