با همکاری انجمن آبخیزداری ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه عمران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران

2 استاد پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

چشمه‌های کارستی مناطق غرب ایران، تأمین­کننده دبی پایه رودخانه‌هایی همچو­ن کرخه، طی سال‌های گذشته با کمبود آبدهی مواجه شده‌اند. سراب نیلوفر در شمال غرب شهر کرمانشاه از جمله آن­ها است که در سال‌های اخیر با کاهش آبدهی و نیز خشکیدگی فصلی مواجه است. با توجه به عوامل مشترک اقلیمی و انسانی در خشکیدگی این چشمه‌ها، ضروری است که بررسی و بر حسب عوامل تأثیرگذار برنامه احیای آن تهیه شود. بدین­منظور، پژوهش حاضر برای ارزیابی تأثیر نوسانات خشکسالی بر کاهش آبدهی آن انجام و دو روش تعیین خشکسالی، یکی شاخص بارش استاندارد (SPI) و دیگری میانگین متحرک استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج میانگین متحرک، چهار دوره شامل ترسالی 70-1369 تا 78-1377، خشکسالی 78-1377 الی 83-1382، ترسالی 84-1383 تا 86-1385 و خشکسالی 87-1386 الی 95-1394 به‌‌وقوع پیوسته است. بررسی نتایج شاخص SPI نشان داد که در طی این زمان، دو دوره کلی شامل 1369 تا 1377 و 1378 تا 1395 قابل تفکیک است. دوره اول دارای تناوب سال‌های مرطوب و یا نرمال ولی دوره دوم خیلی­خشک، خشک و نرمال است. با این وصف، دوره دوم با تداوم و شدت خشکی بیشتری مواجه است. همچنین، نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که دبی چشمه در دوره 29 ساله از 1348 تا 1377 با وجود خشکسالی‌های شدید دهه 30 و 40 از ثبات لازم برخوردار و تنها دارای نوسانات فصلی بوده، ولی طی 19 سال اخیر کاهش شدیدتری را نشان می‌دهد. به­طوری­‌که طی دوره اول، متوسط دبی چشمه حدود 1100 لیتر بر ثانیه ولی 19 سال بعدی به 337 لیتر بر ثانیه کاهش یافته است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد، کاهش دبی با وقوع خشکسالی‌ها منطبق، ولی در ترسالی‌ها روند کاهشی آن همچنان ادامه یافته و شیب کاهش دبی نسبت به بارندگی بیشتر است. بنابراین، خشکیدگی چشمه تنها متأثر از خشکسالی نیست و افت سطح آب آبخوان مجاور تأثیر بیشتری داشته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation on drought impact on the depletion of spring discharge in western parts of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Sadegh Porhemmat 1
  • Jahangir Porhemmat 2
  • Mehdi Mirzaee 3

1 MSc Candidate in Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

3 Asistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Karstic springs, as the main resources of rivers such as Karkheh, have encountered scarcity in the western of Iran during past years. It is necessary to consider the effects of climatic and human co-factors to prepar a rehabilitation plan in watershed scale. The present study was carried out to evaluate this phenomenon in the case of Sarab-e Niloufar, in Kermanshah Province. Two methods including Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Moving Average (MA) are used in this study. Four wet and dry periods were occured, including wet periods from 1980-1981 to 1997-1998 and from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, dry periods from 1998-1999 to 2002-2003, and from 2006-2007 to 2014-2015 water years. The SPI results showed two main periods from 1989 to 2015, include 1989 to 1999 and 2000 to 2015. The first period is wet or normal, but the second period is very dry to normal and is characterized by persistence and severity of dryness. Also, the results showed that spring discharge has been stable in a-29 years period from 1969 to 1988 with fluctuations by seasonal rainfall, but a sharp decrease over the second period. The average spring discharge was 1100 ls-1 during the first period, but 337 ls-1 in the next 19 years. Other results showed a harmony period between decreasing of the spring discharge with drought cycles resulted from MA and SPI, except for the wet period of 2003-2004 to 2005-2006. Nevertheless, the spring discharge had decreasing rate in the wet period of 2003-2004 to 2005-2006. In addition, spring decreasing discharge rate was greater than rainfall. Therefore, despite the fact that the effects of drought are recognized as a major factor of spring deficit, other factors such as decreasing in water table of adjacent aquifers are also important to consider for rehabilitation of the spring.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aquifer
  • Karstic spring
  • Moving average
  • SPI
  • Spring drying
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