majid khazayi; Iman Saleh; reza bayat; Shokr allah Absallan
Abstract
The concept of water productivity is to produce the best and most products by spending the lower amount of water. in this study water productivity was investigated with field surveys, field measurements and remote sensing analysis. For this purpose, in the first stage, water resources condition of the ...
Read More
The concept of water productivity is to produce the best and most products by spending the lower amount of water. in this study water productivity was investigated with field surveys, field measurements and remote sensing analysis. For this purpose, in the first stage, water resources condition of the Basht aquifer investigated. in the next step, the cultivated area of Basht aquifer was investigated using Sentinel-2 satellite images in Google Earth Engine. Then, the agricultural condition of the aquifer investigated through questionnaire by farmers and experts. In the next step, the water requirement of the current cultivation pattern was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method. Finally, by evaluating the products in terms of productivity indicators, the water productivity of different products was determined. Penman-Monteith method calculations indicated that the water requirements of the aquifer dominant crops, including Citrus fruits, wheat, barley, corn, rapeseed, watermelon, branches, legumes and alfalfa respectively were 9170, 5630, 4821, 7863, 5411, 9291, 20234, 5225, 14083 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. In total, the amount of water consumed by the agricultural products in aquifer Basht is 45 million cubic meters, that approximately equivalent to 1 cubic meter per square meter of the aquifer cultivation area and and this amount is much more than the aquifer agriculture programmable water (17 million cubic meters).
Rahim kazemi; Bagher Ghermezcheshmeh; Reza Bayat
Abstract
IntroductionResearch on low flow is important, not only from a fundamental point of view but also in terms of sustainable water resource management. Optimum water resources management is one of the most crucial challenges of the 21st century, and due to population growth and climate change, water supply ...
Read More
IntroductionResearch on low flow is important, not only from a fundamental point of view but also in terms of sustainable water resource management. Optimum water resources management is one of the most crucial challenges of the 21st century, and due to population growth and climate change, water supply in the future will probably depend on sustainable water sources. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) introduces low flow as a flow of rivers that continues during the dry period of the climate. Low flow is affected by climate changes, topography, geology, soil, and human activities. The geographical location and climatic conditions of Iran cause a lack of rainfall and water scarcity. Therefore, the recognition and analysis of sustainable water resources is the main component in the surface water resources management of Iran. This research has been done with the aim of investigating the characteristics of scientific publications regarding low flow research in Iran and the world and providing a perspective of the current situation and direction of future research.Materials and methodsThe data relating to low flow research in environmental; agricultural and biological sciences were retrieved from the Science direct database in the period 1999 to 2022 and SCImago Journal Rank indicator (SJR) from https://www.scimagojr.com as well as scientific information database of Jihad Daneshgahi (SID) and data from Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc). A total of 22875 publications were obtained and with following aspects analysed intensively:(1) Distribution of international low flow-related publications (2) low flow-related publications from Iran; (2) distribution of subject categories; (3) core journals; (4) distribution of Iranian articles related to low flow; (5) frequency of low flow-related articles in Middle East and countries around Iran; (6) research trends. Bibliometric techniques, including citation analysis, five-year impact factor, JCR classification, coverage period and h-index were used to evaluate and interpretation of the results.Results and discussionThe results showed that the general trend of global scientific publications in low-flow research was with a positive slope and a growth rate of 1.52%. Also, the trend of international publications from Iran had a positive slope with a 0.94 coefficient of determination and a growth rate of 1.60%. The results of the subject classification of publications at the global level showed that most publications with 85.75% belong to research papers and the least amount to conference papers and editorials. International papers originating from Iran were of the first order of importance to publications with 90.04%, which has a larger share of the total papers than global papers. The results of the analysis of the most important keywords related to low flow showed that more than 72% of the titles of papers and theses were assigned to "base flow" and "flow duration curve (FDC) keywords ".ConclusionsThis research is a systematic bibliographic analysis of texts related to low flow research publication. By summarizing and analysing the growth curve of publications, it can be concluded that the total number of international publications related to low flow research corresponds to the theoretical fitting line and shows the proportionality of the potential of low flow research in the world with the actual amount. The general result of the analysis of international publications from Iran shows a high potential for low flow research in Iran and indicates a change in the attention of the Iranian scientific community to the publication of articles on the topic of low flow at the international level.
Reza NoroozValashedi; hadigheh bahrami pichaghchi
Abstract
Introduction
In the mountainous regions of Iran, a significant part of the precipitation is in the form of snow, which is considered an important source of river flow. Accurate knowledge of the quantity of these resource is necessary in terms of the ever-increasing value of fresh water and also in terms ...
Read More
Introduction
In the mountainous regions of Iran, a significant part of the precipitation is in the form of snow, which is considered an important source of river flow. Accurate knowledge of the quantity of these resource is necessary in terms of the ever-increasing value of fresh water and also in terms of the optimal use of water resources. From a global point of view, snow monitoring and accurate information on the spatial distribution of snow cover, are necessary for weather forecasting and hydrological and meteorological modeling. An important feature of mountainous regions is the snow cover, which has a high reflectivity, has a great influence on the local weather, reduces the net radiation at the surface and as a result, transfers energy. In addition to being an important factor for ecosystem development, snow cover is very important for human activities. Accurate estimation of the coverage level is considered as one of the central and fundamental operations in the field of water resources management, especially in areas where snowfall is a major part of precipitation. Revealing and determining different characteristics of snow and ice using remote sensing data, which is widely used in hydrology, has created a new method to obtain the required parameters of hydrology.
Materials and methods
The Alborz Mountain range which is under study of the current research, separates the coastal plains of Mazandaran Province from the interior of Iran. The eastern half of Western Alborz and all of Central Alborz and a part of Eastern Alborz are within Mazandaran Province. In this way, along with other natural factors, certain geographical conditions have emerged. In this region, snow plays a key role in the hydrological cycle and hydroclimate, and a significant part of the total annual runoff in this region is the result of snowmelt. So that global warming affects the management of watersheds and the downstream water requirements of its sub-basins. First, MODIS sensor data was obtained daily with a spatial resolution of 500×500 meters from NASA's National Snow and Ice Database (NSIDC). The received images are related to the period of 2000-2018. To process the images, first pre-processing wacovered ars applied in the ENVI 5.3 software environment. The NDSI index was used to monitor the snowed area. Mann-Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator, and Pettitt's homogeneity test were used to investigate the snow cover variation trend. Also, the seasonal and annual anomalies of snow cover, temperature and precipitation in the study area were investigated based on standard Z score.
Results and discussion
The results of the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen’s slope estimator method in the northern slope of Central Alborz, show that the largest reduction of the snow covered area occurred in January and winter season, respectively, equal to 220.39 and 50.41 km2 each year. The results of Petit's homogeneity test, using the Change Point Analysis (CPA) method, in January 2010 for the snow-covered area and May 2014 and June 2010 for the monthly mean temperature, showed a climatic jump at 0.05 significant level. Also, the change point in the snow-covered area time series of January has been descending, but the change point in the mean temperature time series of May and June has been ascending. Comparing the snow cover conditions with the mean temperature and total precipitation conditions, shows that in most cases the negative anomalies of snow cover are consistent with the positive anomaly of temperature and the negative of precipitation. The obtained results are a warning about the climate change in this region, which is known as the phenomenon of global warming and meteorological drought. Surely, these changes have a direct effect on the reduction of water resources for the agricultural and drinking sectors.
Conclusion
In general, the analysis of the snow-covered area variations in January during the studied 19 years, shows that for an increase in the average temperature of 0.13°c, the snow-covered area in this month decreased by 220.39 km2 every year. Also, according to the results of Pettitt's homogeneity test in 2010 and 2014, it can be concluded that global warming and meteorological drought caused a sudden change in the snow-covered area and temperature in these years and months. The comparison of precipitation and temperature conditions with the snow cover condition showed that in most years, the negative anomaly of snow cover was simultaneous with the positive anomaly of temperature and the negative anomaly of precipitation. The greatest effect of temperature increase has been observed in spring. Therefore, with the increase in temperature and the change in climatic conditions, the winter precipitation that will turn into snow accumulation has decreased and can affect the runoff caused by these precipitations in the spring season. Since this region has the ability to receive snow from mid-autumn to early spring, information about the snow covered area in this region is essential for many hydrological, meteorological, and climatological applications, as well as hydroelectric power generation and flood forecasting.
Mehdi Teimouri; Omid Asadi Nalivan
Abstract
With the increase in population, the importance of groundwater resources as one of the most important sources of drinking water in the arid regions becomes apparent. In this research, in order to determine the areas with groundwater potential in the city of Torbate Jam and prioritizing the effective ...
Read More
With the increase in population, the importance of groundwater resources as one of the most important sources of drinking water in the arid regions becomes apparent. In this research, in order to determine the areas with groundwater potential in the city of Torbate Jam and prioritizing the effective factors, hierarchical analysis methods and maximum entropy method using MaxEnt model and the factors of distance from fault and fault density, lithology, slope, slope direction, distance from the waterway and drainage density, elevation, land use, slope curvature, topographic humidity index and topographic position indicator was used. Also, for assessing these two methods, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) was used. From 220 sources, 30% were randomly assigned as validation data and 70% were categorized as test data in maximum entropy method. Results showed that 29.6% of the watershed had high groundwater potential according to the maximum entropy method. Based on Jack-Knife Diagram, DEM, slope, distance from fault and lithology were the most important factors affecting groundwater potential, respectively. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) in the maximum entropy method indicated a precision of 91% (excellent) at the training period and 80% (very good) in the validation period to determine areas with potential for groundwater. Based on AHP method, 34.4% of the area has groundwater potential, and the slope layers, lithology, elevation and distance from the faults were the most important factors, respectively and accuracy of this method was 73%. The results showed that applying AHP and maximum entropy methods, while saving time and cost, have a good ability to predict the potential of groundwater and the maximum entropy method has more superiority than the hierarchical analysis method.
Ata Amini; Jahangir Porhemmat; Hossein Sedri
Abstract
Virtual water concepts and water productivity are considered as powerful tools for analyzing issues related to water resource management. This research was conducted to use the indicators of physical and economic productivity of water, in water resources management in Talvar Watershed, Kurdistan, Iran. ...
Read More
Virtual water concepts and water productivity are considered as powerful tools for analyzing issues related to water resource management. This research was conducted to use the indicators of physical and economic productivity of water, in water resources management in Talvar Watershed, Kurdistan, Iran. The data from field observation, meteorological and climatic, water resources, agriculture, irrigation and watershed management were collected. The crop area of the irrigated products in the watershed was identified and their cultivation percentage was determined. Data on the growth of these products and their water consumption were calculated using CROPWAT software and field data. Using the results of data analyzing, management indicators such as physical productivity and economic productivity of products were calculated. Results showed that five crops of wheat, potato, barley, alfalfa and clover make up more than 93% of the irrigated products area of the watershed. It was found that the potato and wheat were with highest and lowest physical efficiency, respectively. The potato is with highes productivity as 3.46 and wheat was with lowest one as 0.43 kg m-3. Despite of low physical efficiency for wheat, the major part of water consumption in this crop was from green water, while the potato is using the lowest rate of green water. In terms of economic productivity, barley and potato products were with most net economic benefits. The results of this research can lead to proper management and appropriate water resources in the basin.
Rahim Kazemi; Jahangir Porhemmat
Abstract
Understanding the base flow can be useful in river flow analysis, rainfall-runoff modeling, calibration of models, water resource management in low flow conditions and determination of the amount of water storage in watershed. In this research, 22 stations were selected with the appropriate data and ...
Read More
Understanding the base flow can be useful in river flow analysis, rainfall-runoff modeling, calibration of models, water resource management in low flow conditions and determination of the amount of water storage in watershed. In this research, 22 stations were selected with the appropriate data and common period of the years of 1982-2012. The trend of flow changes during the months of the year was determined for all hydrometric stations in the study area and the driest month was determined. Then, the calibration of six recursive digital algorithms was performed using the long-term data of the driest month of the year and after obtaining optimal parameters of the models, the base flow separation for the whole period was performed. The performance evaluation of the models was done using root mean square error. The results showed that the major part of the river flow in the study area was related to the base flow and the minimum, maximum and average annual base flow index for the whole period was equal to 0.48, 0.62 and 0.56, respectively, representing more than 50% of ground water contribution to stream flow of the studied watersheds. Results of the evaluation of the models using the root mean square error showed that the mean error in the research area for all the methods ranged from 0.025 to 0.044. The minimum was related to Lynie and Holick, and the maximum related to the One-parameter digital filter. Over all, conclusion of the results of the calibration process and investing the correlation between calculated and measured data showed that there was a correlation with a coefficient of explanation of more than 80%. Calibration method with dry season data in the absence of tracer-based methods is suggested as the most suitable method for calibrating digital separation filters in the study area.
Ramin Papi; Saeid Hamzeh; Masoud Soleimani
Abstract
The climate change over the past few decades, and consequently decrease in the precipitation, along with the population growth in different regions in Iran have led to an increase in demand for water for domestic agricultural, industrial, etc. consumption. This has led to uncontrolled exploitation of ...
Read More
The climate change over the past few decades, and consequently decrease in the precipitation, along with the population growth in different regions in Iran have led to an increase in demand for water for domestic agricultural, industrial, etc. consumption. This has led to uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater resources, causing severe decrease in the groundwater level. Artificial recharge technique is one of the methods to compensate for the groundwater deficit, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Selection of suitable sites before artificial recharge can help improve the efficiency of the project and ensure its success. Having in mind the problems related to decrease in groundwater resources in Tehran due to the increasing population and the expansion of industry and agriculture. This study aims to identify and zoning of regions that are suitable for artificial recharge of groundwater in Tehran Province. The GIS can help determine such regions more precisely, faster, and with better results. For this purpose, the present study integrated GIS and Fuzzy AHP to weigh and combine factors that play a positive role in artificial recharge, such as the depth and changes in the groundwater level, precipitation, drainage density, elevation and land slope, distance from fault, distance from river, geological properties, and land use. After investigating the views of experts about the binary comparison of the criteria, and prioritizing them using AHP, it was found that the hydrological properties were the most effective criteria for the subject under study. Results indicated that 6.2% and 15.75% of the entire area of the region under study are very suitable and suitable for artificial recharge of groundwater, respectively. Very suitable regions are mostly located in the east of the province, with suitable geologic formations, short distance from river, and predominant rangeland and agricultural land use. They also, have a very low and decreasing groundwater level.
Meisam Samadi; Abdolreza Bahremand; Abolhasan Fathabadi
Abstract
In any water resource management plan, there is a pivotal need to undertake the future conditions to allocate the water resources to different sectors (e.g. drinking-water supply, agriculture sector, etc.) more efficiently. Meanwhile, it is important to forecast water resources inflow for future months. ...
Read More
In any water resource management plan, there is a pivotal need to undertake the future conditions to allocate the water resources to different sectors (e.g. drinking-water supply, agriculture sector, etc.) more efficiently. Meanwhile, it is important to forecast water resources inflow for future months. To this aim, it is of prime interest to adopt models that are capable of coping with data scarcity problem and able to forecast the stream flow with the least possible error. The current study was aimed at forecasting the monthly inflow of the Boustan Dam by employing three models namely: time series method, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and their ensembles. The hydrometric data was obtained from the Tamar Station. Afterward, the models were compared by using several evaluation criteria. According to the Akaike and Schwarz criteria, the ARIMA (2, 0, 0) (1, 0, 1) was found to be the best time series model with a parsimonious behavior. Moreover, the ANN model with two and four input neurons and the SVM model with three input neurons were the best performing models compared to their other counterparts with different input numbers. Considering the evaluation criteria altogether, the time series method was the best performing model with the RMSE, AARE, MBE, and CE values of 0.88, 4.71, -0.024, and 0.36, respectively. Therefore, the time series method was introduced as the premier model for monthly inflow forecasting in the studied stations.
Reza Lagzian; Amir Sadoddin; Majid Ownegh; Akbar Alipoor
Abstract
One of the major issues that residential and industrial zones encountered is lack of stormwater management for these areas that can lead to inundation problem. This research aims to solve the problem of inundation as well as the shortage of water sources in Neyshabur City. Following the identification ...
Read More
One of the major issues that residential and industrial zones encountered is lack of stormwater management for these areas that can lead to inundation problem. This research aims to solve the problem of inundation as well as the shortage of water sources in Neyshabur City. Following the identification of the executable stormwater management actions and developing 32 management scenarios for the city, the impacts of implementing the scenarios were predicted considering technical, environmental, hydrologic, economic and social criteria. The scenarios were prioritized using a multi-criteria decision making technique. The analysis based on the weighs elicited using the Delphi method among participants having tertiary education, indicates that scenario 24 (combination of bioretention, infiltration basin, and underground detention) is considered as the preferred scenario. But for the case of the participants under tertiary education, scenario 28 (combination of bioretention, infiltration trench, infiltration well, porous pavement, infiltration basin, and underground detention) is considered as the best scenario. The outcomes of the current research, explicitly assist the managers and planners in Neyshabur City to manage urban stormwater more effectively and can also implicitly provide suitable research model for other urban watersheds to be adopted by researchers and practitioners.
Ali Koulaian; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Nima Mohammadigolafshani; Mohammadjavad Mirzaee
Abstract
Nowadays, the impacts of climate change evaluation on watershed hydrological resources is the most important task before any water resources planning. Stream flow trend was analyzed using non parametric Man-Kendall test conducted for 30, 40, 50 and 60 year periods in three, monthly, seasonal and annual ...
Read More
Nowadays, the impacts of climate change evaluation on watershed hydrological resources is the most important task before any water resources planning. Stream flow trend was analyzed using non parametric Man-Kendall test conducted for 30, 40, 50 and 60 year periods in three, monthly, seasonal and annual time-scales and also peak discharge in Mazandaran Province watersheds. Results showed that the increase in Greenhouse gases and consequently climate change influenced severely on river stream flow which led to reduced river stream flows, especially in the eastern parts of the region the trend analysis results showed that most of hydrometric stations had significant downward trend especially in summer season and only they experienced positive trend in winter. It seems that increase in winter season is due to temperature rise and consequently melting of snow which led to increase of base-flow and upward trend during the studied period. Results of peak flow trend analysis showed that upward trend for recent four decades is due to changes in precipitation pattern. The research achievement may considerably help in forecasting the upcoming drought, irrigation planning and water resources management.
Ata Amini
Abstract
In basins where the water demands surpasses the available resources, water shortage crisis occurs and the deficiency balance is essential to be reciprocated. In such basins, inter-basin water transfer has been announced as a method to supply new water resources. In such projects the potential of donor ...
Read More
In basins where the water demands surpasses the available resources, water shortage crisis occurs and the deficiency balance is essential to be reciprocated. In such basins, inter-basin water transfer has been announced as a method to supply new water resources. In such projects the potential of donor and recipient basins are not assessed properly. In this study, the inter-basin water transfer project from Sirwan to Sefidrood and Karkheh basins was evaluated. The assessment is based on the ability of donor basin to meet current needs and maintain water resources for future development. For this purpose, while the areas prone in the basin were identified, different scenarios were defined for agricultural development and water consumption in the Sirwan basin. In determining agricultural development scenarios the quantitative criteria with the utmost impact on the development of agricultural land were identified as maps in the GIS software. Water consumption scenarios were determined based on estimated net irrigation requirement for agricultural crops using Cropwatt software. The results showed that the basin enjoys a high potential for agricultural development. So that the annual water restoration will be less than the future water needs in the basin. These results advocate the need to reassess the inter-basin water transfer projects in Iran.
Samaneh Poormohammadi; Mohammad Taghi Dastorani; Hadi Jafari; Alireza Massah Bavani; Massoud Goodarzi; Fatemeh Baqeri; Mohammad Hassan Rahimian
Abstract
Assessing drought effects on water resources are important on optimizing water management activities in agriculture and natural resources sectors. The groundwater model can be used as a valuable tool in the management of groundwater resources. Therefore, investigation of ground water balance analysis ...
Read More
Assessing drought effects on water resources are important on optimizing water management activities in agriculture and natural resources sectors. The groundwater model can be used as a valuable tool in the management of groundwater resources. Therefore, investigation of ground water balance analysis affected by meteorological drought using mathematical models is applicable and important objectives in sustainable development of water resources and the environment. Tuyserkan is one of the most important plains in Hamadan province as the main source of water supply for the water wells usage in orchards and farms. The goal of this research is assessing the effects of metrological drought index on water balance changes using mathematical modeling by GMS software. For this purpose, after calculation of Standardized Precipitation Index and determination of wet and dry spells in the study area, and selection of three sample years as normal (1387), wet (1388) and dry (1389), the groundwater balance was analyzed in this three sample years. The normal year was used for calibration of the model and wet and dry years for validation of the GMS. The results showed that the GMS model can simulate groundwater level in normal, wet and dry year (error statistics are respectively 0.73, 0.85 and 0.93). Comparison of meteorological and hydrological drought indices showed that meteorological drought cannot affect the groundwater level alone and excess use of exploitation wells has great influence on the groundwater table changes. Interestingly, the results showed that drought strongly influences water balance changes.
Seyed Saeed Eslamian; Mohammad Hadi Bazrkar; Seyed Farhad Mousavi
Abstract
The most important factor of drought analysis is rainfall. All resources which are supported by rainfall, such as, surface streams; groundwater and lakes, are affected by deficit of rainfall. Analysis of past rainfall statistics indicates a pattern. Forecasting future rainfall can be used in water resources ...
Read More
The most important factor of drought analysis is rainfall. All resources which are supported by rainfall, such as, surface streams; groundwater and lakes, are affected by deficit of rainfall. Analysis of past rainfall statistics indicates a pattern. Forecasting future rainfall can be used in water resources planning. This opportunity can be provided by time series patterns. The aim of this research is drought forecasting of Isfahan Province, by fitness of various models with rainfall data. Studied models are included in monthly, monthly-seasonally, annual-exponential, moving average (3, 5, 7) and sinusoidal. 24 meteorology stations have been studied in the time series analysis. The at-site statistic period ranges between maximum 44 years (1957-2000) to minimum 11 years (1987-1997). By regarding ARIMA model fitness, the results indicate that the studied stations are divided to three groups as high, medium and low quality. These groups are included 9, 5, 4 stations, respectively. Although Isfahan and Kashan have been owned long-term rainfall data, they have less suitable fitness than the other stations. Therefore, by only having long-term rainfall data, it cannot be expected the better fitness of time series. Using ARIMA for annual moving average modeling can be effective in drought pattern analysis and have been presented the good patterns.
Ali Ramezani; Mehdi Ahmadimoghadam; Amir Hessam Hassani; Mohamad Reaz Jafari
Abstract
From the past, the rivers were the agent of engender of municipal, industrial and agricultural centers beside the rivers. By increasing the population, growing the technology, increasing the use of water resources and abnormal occupation, the quality condition of rivers are changed. In this respect, ...
Read More
From the past, the rivers were the agent of engender of municipal, industrial and agricultural centers beside the rivers. By increasing the population, growing the technology, increasing the use of water resources and abnormal occupation, the quality condition of rivers are changed. In this respect, the analysis of the qualitative data and the investigation of local information could help us in affecting the quality of rivers for zonation and management control to the accepted level of standard for various usages. Godarkhosh, one of the country's border rivers in Iran-Iraq border, is located in Ilam Province, with its basin of about 1202.68 km2. The research area is Godarkhosh river basin which starts from its entrance to the province to its outlet to Iraq. Required parameters such as monthly Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Phosphate, Nitrate, Focal Coliform, Total Suspended Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity, pH, and Temperature were measured in 10 sampling stations of Sheshdar, Tanghamam, Tasfiehkhaneh, MehdiAbad, Banvizeh, Chamab, Gardaneh Ghala, Ghebleh, Pole Felezi, and Pole Shekasteh, from autumn to winter 2010. Several studies have been performed regarding surface water quality mainly investigating the effect of unnatural water pollutants. In this research, the reciprocal effects of natural and unnatural factors on river water quality were investigated. Compilation of laboratory results with quality index information layers within the GIS environment demonstrated that Mehdi Abad sampling station with 47.33 NSFWQI quality index is in a bad and the rest of the sampling stations with 50 to 70 NSFWQI quality index are in the average situation.
Amin Hassani; Masoud Tajrishy; Ahmad Abrishamchi
Abstract
Knowing the rate of evaporation from surface water resources such as channels, reservoirs and lakes is essential for precise management of water balance. In this study, monthly evaporation was determined by Bowen Ratio Energy Budget (BREB) method for Alghadir Lake (Saveh, Iran) from 1995-2007. Some variations ...
Read More
Knowing the rate of evaporation from surface water resources such as channels, reservoirs and lakes is essential for precise management of water balance. In this study, monthly evaporation was determined by Bowen Ratio Energy Budget (BREB) method for Alghadir Lake (Saveh, Iran) from 1995-2007. Some variations have been observed on the estimated evaporation of the energy budget at different years, ranging from 151 cm for 1997 to 174 cm for 2005. Also, there is no specific monthly evaporation pattern for all the years, but evaporation rates were low in Jan and Feb and highest during the Jul and Aug. Surveying of lake thermal structure showed that inflow and outflow energy fluxes to this water volume have large variations and incoming solar shortwave radiation, incoming atmospheric longwave radiation and longwave atmospheric radiation emitted from the water surface are largest energy fluxes for this small and deep lake.
Hossein Saadati; Foroud Sharifi; Mohammad Mahdavi; Hassan Ahmadi; Mohsen Mohseni Saravi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2010, , Pages 56-64
Abstract
In this study, rainfall, runoff, groundwater and unsaturated water tracers sample were measured and analyzed. The average historical recharge through rainfall was calculated by interpreting of unsaturated water tracer in Hasthgerd plain. Four index profiles in Nazarabad, Jafarabad, Ghalechendar and Savojbolaq ...
Read More
In this study, rainfall, runoff, groundwater and unsaturated water tracers sample were measured and analyzed. The average historical recharge through rainfall was calculated by interpreting of unsaturated water tracer in Hasthgerd plain. Four index profiles in Nazarabad, Jafarabad, Ghalechendar and Savojbolaq were dug for measuring of unsaturated water tracer concentration. Chloride concentrations in profiles soil samples were measured and interpreted to provide temporal estimates of recharge. Applying the chloride mass balance technique to the profiles soil water improved the boundary conditions associated with wet and dry climate in last times and the long-term mean recharge rate. Recharge rate means were estimated in profiles equal to 3.42, 3.53 6.42 and 7.44 (mm/yr) with rainfall chloride concentration average that was measured equal to 1.653 mm in Hashtgerd Plain. It was concluded that concentrated recharge (CR) supplies groundwater rapidly and significant more than diffused recharge (DR) by rainfall. Concentrated recharge is fulfilled by watershed grand works such as flood spreading structural measures.
Ataollah Kademorasoul; Mostafa Chorom
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 2009, , Pages 1-8
Abstract
Water resources management is one of the most important environment challenges in watersheds. Loosing of soil caused by water erosion is one of dominant geographic processes over the most lands of the world. Nowadays, the feasibility of using mathematics models and advancement software technology has ...
Read More
Water resources management is one of the most important environment challenges in watersheds. Loosing of soil caused by water erosion is one of dominant geographic processes over the most lands of the world. Nowadays, the feasibility of using mathematics models and advancement software technology has made available the quick recognition of erosion and sedimentation processes. In this study, the model of WEPP (version 2006) was provided for simulation and forecast of erosion and sedimentation in the study watershed. The WEEP model is a deterministic model with distributed parameters. In this research, watershed of Imamzadeh Abdollah of Baghmalek which lies in north-east of Khuzestan province is studied. Creation of a climate file is made available as an input file using the model of CLIGN and software of BPCDG as well as preparation of soil, basin management file using Excel and EPIC models. All the parcels of basin were defined for the model and executed using the aerial photos, drainage map, hypsometric map and software of Arc View (version, 3.3). Outputs of the model in the erosion section indicated average soil erosion which was some 22.54 tonha-1. Also, the sediment load was about 3468.2 tons, which indicated a difference of 9 percent in comparison with measured rates. Meanwhile, outputs of the model have well provided the feasibility of distinguishing sensitive hillsides to erosion. Based on outputs and ruling management on the hillsides, the protective recommendations like the proper ways for planting and gabion covering, building traces or groins in course of taking the best management practices were accomplished.
