Esmaeil Sharifi; Hossein Ali Habibi; Mohammad Namaki; Samad Shadfar
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2010, Pages 1-10
Abstract
Leadership is one of four basic steps in the management process. It involves leading, influencing and motivating group or organization members and or any social structure. Investigation of leadership characteristics in watershed management which is a non-governmental social structure is of important ...
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Leadership is one of four basic steps in the management process. It involves leading, influencing and motivating group or organization members and or any social structure. Investigation of leadership characteristics in watershed management which is a non-governmental social structure is of important consideration. In this research, various theories of leadership along with integrated definition of its obligations were brought under consideration. Furthermore, various methods and styles of leadership were analyzed by exact designing about its network. Thirteen required attitudes for practicing of management were extracted and determined during this research. Nowadays, scientists believe that consultation and intermediation skills are the most important factors in non-government and social organizations since in the various research is known that economic analysis are among the isolated matters for these non-governmental social systems. Importance of getting in contact with minorities and other cultural groups, ability in resolving of wrangling and evaluation of politic conditions, and also distinguishing of social requirements have been recommended as the most important factors for management of such an organizations. In consequence of different adjusting theories and styles of leadership in various conditions of watersheds and their residents, the best of leadership options were introduced in different cases. Finally, considering the exploiting of scientific management in watershed administration, suggestion for training managers with scientific skills in post graduate studies are made for watershed management.
Ali Rezaei
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2010, Pages 11-17
Abstract
Increasing runoff coefficient and flood intensity and extending dry land areas over the country basins are due to the destruction of vegetation cover. For monitoring the trend of temporal variation, maximum peak flows and maximum 24 hr rainfall data have been gathered from all climatologic and hydrometric ...
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Increasing runoff coefficient and flood intensity and extending dry land areas over the country basins are due to the destruction of vegetation cover. For monitoring the trend of temporal variation, maximum peak flows and maximum 24 hr rainfall data have been gathered from all climatologic and hydrometric stations of Ghizilozan basin. The acquisition data repaired and standardized within a period of 30 years. Then the data were divided into three categories with period of 10 years and finally six categories with period of 10 to 30 years were produced. The mean of variables for every period was calculated based on two years return period by fitting the distribution function of Pearson type III to selected data series. The mean of every category plotted with time period and fitted a line to them. The results showed that based on Kendall’s Tau method, there are significant and positive harmonizing between measured variations respect to time only in two climatology stations named Gitoo and Salamatabad and so two hydrometry stations named Sarcham and Dehgolan and in the others there aren’t any positive or negative harmonizing of data variations respect to time. But the slope of regression line of maximum 24 h of annual rainfall as an index of climate variations to the time, equal 0.031 and in contrast the slope of regression line of peak flow to time equal 0.059. Therefore, the slope of peak flow is 1.9 times of maximum 24 h of annual rainfall with time. This finding says that the vegetation cover because of dry land extending is destroyed and runoff coefficient and flood intensity is increased at studied basin.
Alireza Habibi; Samad Shadfar; Younes Daghigh
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2010, Pages 18-24
Abstract
Recognition from coverage amount of country present conditions in a watershed is unavoidable necessity for optimal and permanent development and utilization. In this research, we choose Fashand watershed in north-eastern of Hashtgerd city. First have recognized independent variables to predicting country ...
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Recognition from coverage amount of country present conditions in a watershed is unavoidable necessity for optimal and permanent development and utilization. In this research, we choose Fashand watershed in north-eastern of Hashtgerd city. First have recognized independent variables to predicting country power. Then prepared various weight maps as informational layers using field studies and Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and classified and composed them together using coverage index. In next stage, coverage predicting agriculture power map with present country conditions map and calculate correlation matrix. Results showed that predicted area with much week and week talent include intermediate rangelands with 19.47 percent coverage areas with medium talent for agriculture intensity have 0.3 percent stratification. And good and very good predicted areas for agriculture intensity include 39.7 percent, good rangelands 2 percent, poor rangelands 29 percent. Unfortunately 994 Hectares of very good agriculture rascals have specialized to civic areas that shows having no comprehensive programs in this base. Prediction shows that 9259 ha of rascals with 53.17 percent of total areas include very good agriculture lands and medium, week and very week areas include less than 23 percent of total Fashand area. Finally, we suggest that programmers and propagators present a model for each area regard to ecological power of area and present intensities conditions, to have in mind area with optimal utilization and suitable intensity use.
Seyed Ali Asghar Hashemi; Mahmood Arabkhedri
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2010, Pages 25-34
Abstract
Evaluation of empirical models for sediment yield in watersheds is a necessity. One of the conventional models in Iran is MPSIAC that has been used extensively. Sediment measurement of small dam's reservoirs is one of the methods for evaluation of these models. In this research, 9 small watersheds were ...
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Evaluation of empirical models for sediment yield in watersheds is a necessity. One of the conventional models in Iran is MPSIAC that has been used extensively. Sediment measurement of small dam's reservoirs is one of the methods for evaluation of these models. In this research, 9 small watersheds were selected in Semnan Province. There is an earth small dam at the outlet of each watershed built in the past 10 years. These dams have not spilled since they were built. Therefore total sediment volume discharged from each watershed was entrapped behind the dams. The amount of deposited sediments in these reservoirs was measured by surveying and estimation of apparent Specific Weight which then compared with estimating values of MPSIAC model by paired t-test. The results showed that the difference between the means for estimated volumes of sediment yield by use of MPSIAC model at the level of 5% had no significant difference while the difference between mean weights of sediments at the level of 5% was significant. Also determination of performance and relative root mean square error showed that MPSIAC model has no appropriate efficiency for application in the region.
Hamid Davoodi; Rahim Kazemi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2010, Pages 35-43
Abstract
Disregarding land treatment and integrated management of coastal zone in Iran causes loss of huge ecologic resources in the country which is located in arid area and faces a great predicament such as soil erosion particularly, the given research zone is situated on 30°, 00¢ to 30°, 33¢ ...
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Disregarding land treatment and integrated management of coastal zone in Iran causes loss of huge ecologic resources in the country which is located in arid area and faces a great predicament such as soil erosion particularly, the given research zone is situated on 30°, 00¢ to 30°, 33¢ northern latitude and the condition of soil erosion in the region is more severe due to specific situation and vicinity to Arabia desert and experiencing strong winds specially in summer from the coast and removal of evaporation sediments. It is difficult to retrieve the ecologic resources in the region and the natural capital such as water is subject to various pollutants including industrial and the human. It is possible to prevent the loss of national capitals which can be the factor of socioeconomic growth and the property while optimal use of existing resources using sciences like and treatment by defining ecologic potentiality and restrictions of the region. In this research, specific ecologic models of the region was constructed by means of different library resources and basic topographic information, geology, pedology, vegetation cover, aerial photos, satellite images, field surveys, GIS software, and by Makhdoum method and the land treatment was conducted by Ilwis software in seven priorities of agriculture, aquatics breeding, rural and urban development, conservation, pasture management, and recreation and the map of various uses such as: land use, geology and geomorphology was produced. According to aquatics breeding, conservation and other maps for comparison of priority and optimal uses was determined. Due to the results obtained, areas of 14.6, 14.4, 67, 14.8, 40 34.5% are susceptible for agriculture, rural and urban development, recreational activities, concentrated recreation and aquatics breeding.
Ebrahim Khalife; Mohammad Reza Kavianpour; Mojtaba Pakparvar; Aminollah Mottaghi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2010, Pages 44-55
Abstract
In view of the fact that extensive areas of ‘Iran’ are located in arid and semi arid regions, considerable damages on natural and economic resources by wind erosion and sand storms are expected annually. Lack of proper input data for physical and quantitative models and difficulties of access ...
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In view of the fact that extensive areas of ‘Iran’ are located in arid and semi arid regions, considerable damages on natural and economic resources by wind erosion and sand storms are expected annually. Lack of proper input data for physical and quantitative models and difficulties of access to these data can limit the models application. In these conditions it is necessary to devise an informative-computational model based on geographical information systems and use remote sensing to prepare as much as possible layers of parameters, accurately. Therefore, in this research a qualitative model for wind erosion assessment (IRIFR) has been embedded in geographical information system together with remote sensing to prepare layers of information and parameters. The major targets of this research are to get benefits of earlier approaches in relevant researches and compile relevant techniques and methods in GIS and RS to study wind erosion. The most important achievements of this research are; i) providing layers of information by remote sensing, ii) omitting primary common map of study units, iii) determining and defining separated maps of study units which are needed for a few parameters, iv) omitting the map of other parameters, and v) reducing uncertainties arising from experts judgment. Furthermore, the model could be repeated for any time duration. Consequently, investigations would be organized much better, more accurate and faster.
Hossein Saadati; Foroud Sharifi; Mohammad Mahdavi; Hassan Ahmadi; Mohsen Mohseni Saravi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2010, Pages 56-64
Abstract
In this study, rainfall, runoff, groundwater and unsaturated water tracers sample were measured and analyzed. The average historical recharge through rainfall was calculated by interpreting of unsaturated water tracer in Hasthgerd plain. Four index profiles in Nazarabad, Jafarabad, Ghalechendar and Savojbolaq ...
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In this study, rainfall, runoff, groundwater and unsaturated water tracers sample were measured and analyzed. The average historical recharge through rainfall was calculated by interpreting of unsaturated water tracer in Hasthgerd plain. Four index profiles in Nazarabad, Jafarabad, Ghalechendar and Savojbolaq were dug for measuring of unsaturated water tracer concentration. Chloride concentrations in profiles soil samples were measured and interpreted to provide temporal estimates of recharge. Applying the chloride mass balance technique to the profiles soil water improved the boundary conditions associated with wet and dry climate in last times and the long-term mean recharge rate. Recharge rate means were estimated in profiles equal to 3.42, 3.53 6.42 and 7.44 (mm/yr) with rainfall chloride concentration average that was measured equal to 1.653 mm in Hashtgerd Plain. It was concluded that concentrated recharge (CR) supplies groundwater rapidly and significant more than diffused recharge (DR) by rainfall. Concentrated recharge is fulfilled by watershed grand works such as flood spreading structural measures.
