Watershed Engineering and Management

Detection of sinkholes and landslides using deep-learning methods and UAV images

Naeges Kariminejad; Hamid Reza Pourghasemi; Mohsen Hoseinalizadeh; Vahid Shafaie

Volume 16, Issue 3 , September 2024, Pages 316-330

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.363888.2037

Abstract

Introduction Landslides and sinkholes damage social, economic, and natural infrastructure. These processes have direct and indirect impacts on important infrastructure, including residential areas, and influence land use change and migration from rural to urban areas. Sinkholes and landslides occur ... Read More Introduction Landslides and sinkholes damage social, economic, and natural infrastructure. These processes have direct and indirect impacts on important infrastructure, including residential areas, and influence land use change and migration from rural to urban areas. Sinkholes and landslides occur when parts of a soil collapse mainly in more gentle or steeper slopes, which are often triggered by intensive rainfall. One of the main goals in sustainable land management is the identification and control of natural disasters, which on the one hand leads to the quantitative and qualitative improvement of production in the long term, and on the other hand, maintains the quality of the soil and prevents soil degradation. In order to manage better and more stable, it seems necessary to know how to change and identify different forms of erosion such as sinkholes and landslides. Sinkholes and landslides occur when parts of a soil collapse mainly in more gentle or steeper slopes, which are often triggered by intensive rainfall. Materials and methods Recent advances in acquiring images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) (UAV) and deep learning (DL) methods inherited from computer vision have made it feasible to propose semi-automated soil landform detection methodologies for large areas at an unprecedented spatial resolution. In this study, we evaluate the potential of two cutting-edge DL deep learning segmentation models, the vanilla U-Net model, and the Attention Deep Supervision Multi-Scale U-Net model, applied to UAV-derived products, to map landslides and sinkholes in a semi-arid environment, the “Golestan Province” (north-east Iran). Results and discussion Landslides: The performance of the U-Net model shows that it has fewer false positives, but at the same time, it has missed many landslide cells. Meanwhile, the ADSMS U-Net model has performed better in detecting landslide cells, but it attributed many cases to incorrect predictions (which is explained by the low accuracy score). The best F1 score achieved for the ADSMS U-Net model is 0.68. Sinkholes: For all band combinations, the performances of ADSMS U-Net are better than those of the traditional U-Net model. The best overall scores by ADSMS U-Net were obtained when trained on the ALL data. Regarding the effectiveness of the various combinations evaluated in this study, we can observe the contradictory behaviors of the models. The traditional U-Net achieves the best performance using the RGB optical combination, while the ADSMS U-Net can leverage topographic derivative information and optical data, showing the best results with the ALL combination. Moreover, it is evident that the DSHC data alone provides the worst results for both models. In overall, the results show that the ability of ADSMS U-Net to predict landslides is closer to the ground reality compared to U-Net. This model identifies most of the landslides in the test sections. Also, for all combinations of sinkhole bands, ADSMS U-Net performs better than the U-Net model. The best overall scores were obtained by ADSMS U-Net when trained on ALL data. Conclusions Since this kind of soil erosion is the main origin of some major soil erosion including gully initiation and extension, applying new technology namely, UAV and deep learning is highly important and recommended. Our framework can successfully map landslides in a challenging environment (with an F1-score of 69 %), and topographical derivates from UAV-derived DSM decrease the capacity of mapping sinkholes and landslides of the models calibrated with optical data. Future research could explore the use of such an approach to map landslides and sinkholes over time to assess time-based changes in the formation and spread of natural hazards.

Assessment of land subsidence susceptibility in the Salmas Plain Aquifer Northwestern Lake Urmia, utilizing fuzzy logic

Somayeh Karimiasl; Behzad Hessari; Kamran Zeinalzadeh; Mahdi Erfanian

Volume 16, Issue 3 , September 2024, Pages 331-353

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.363148.2031

Abstract

Introduction Salmas Plain represents one of the most critical areas in the country experiencing subsidence. In general, various factors cause land subsidence, but in many areas, the excessive extraction of ground water from aquifers causes land subsidence. The increasing use of ground water, especially ... Read More Introduction Salmas Plain represents one of the most critical areas in the country experiencing subsidence. In general, various factors cause land subsidence, but in many areas, the excessive extraction of ground water from aquifers causes land subsidence. The increasing use of ground water, especially in the sites that are accumulated with alluvial deposits, shallow sea or unconsolidated lake, leads to subsidence or collapse of the land. With the excessive extraction of ground water, the water level of the aquifer decreases and the hydrostatic pressure decreases, which makes it possible for the land to subside gradually. Subsidence in plains mostly occurs due to this factor, namely excessive groundwater extraction and compaction of clay and silt layers between aquifers. In this case, even if the water table level rises again, the land cannot return to its original level. Materials and methods In this study, the susceptibility of land subsidence in Salmas Plain was investigated using layers of influential factors in subsidence with ArcGIS software and fuzzy logic. In the first stage, statistical information on some factors causing subsidence, including groundwater level decline, well extraction rate, aquifer storage coefficient, transmissivity coefficient, precipitation, DEM map, soil texture, and bedrock depth, was collected and raster maps of each of these factors at the aquifer level were prepared. In the next stage, fuzzy layering was performed using fuzzy membership functions based on the impact of decreasing or increasing each of these factors on land subsidence. Subsequently, the maps were combined using fuzzy operators (Gamma OR, AND, SUM, PRODUCT) to obtain a unified map of aquifer subsidence susceptibility. Finally, to select the best combination of operators, the results were compared and evaluated with field observation data and the ROC curve performance index. Results and discussion The results showed that the OR operator had the lowest conformity with observed subsidence in the area with an AUC of 0.693. Gamma operators with an AUC above 70% had the highest overlap or conformity with observed subsidence in the plain. In this study, the Gamma 0.9 operator was selected as the best fuzzy operator with an AUC of 0.805. The results indicate that the eastern part of the aquifer is critical in terms of subsidence. Approximately 25% of the total area of Salmas Plain, equivalent to 93 square kilometers, has subsidence with very high susceptibility. Conclusion Based on the results obtained, it can be said that although the AUC value of the fuzzy operator sum is higher, the Gamma operator with a value of 0.9 has the highest conformity with the ground reality on the fuzzy map, even though it has a lower AUC value. It is essential to mention that the minimum operator AND and Product create a region with low susceptibility, while the maximum operator OR and SUM maximize the susceptible area. They cannot achieve satisfactory performance in preparing a subsidence susceptibility map. Here, they have only been used to demonstrate the inefficiency of fuzzy operators in maximizing or minimizing subsidence susceptibility.

A review of resilience in the studies of natural hazards in Iran

Ardeshir Mesbah; Esmail Karamidehkordi; Shadali Tohidloo; Amin Salehpour Jam; Tofigh Saadi

Volume 16, Issue 3 , September 2024, Pages 354-377

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2023.362235.2019

Abstract

Introduction A comprehensive examination of natural hazards in Iran highlights the country's susceptibility to extensive damage from various natural crises. Iran's unique spatial structure has made it one of the world's most vulnerable regions to environmental hazards. This research reviews the application ... Read More Introduction A comprehensive examination of natural hazards in Iran highlights the country's susceptibility to extensive damage from various natural crises. Iran's unique spatial structure has made it one of the world's most vulnerable regions to environmental hazards. This research reviews the application of “resilience” in studies of natural hazards, including floods, drought, and land degradation (single-hazard studies) as well as studies that combine these hazards (combined studies) across different regions of Iran. Materials and methods This study utilized a conceptual research methodology, performing a systematic review of related research documents published in Iran, such as journal articles, dissertations, and theses. The databases used included the "Scientific Information Center of Academic Jihad (SID)", "Iran’s Research Institute of Science and Information Technology (Irandoc)", "Information Bank of Iran's Publications (Magiran)", "Knowledge Reference (Civilica)", and "Google Scholar". While previous studies have often examined resilience within an established analytical framework (concept analysis), this study employed a conceptual methodology aimed at representing knowledge and analyzing data from multiple disciplines. This approach helps clarify meanings and expand operational definitions. The data were analyzed thematically, enabling a more objective examination of resilience across various scientific fields. Results and discussion The first study on resilience in Iran was conducted in 1988 in a dissertation at Tarbiat Modares University, and the concept appeared in articles in "Hakim Research Journal" in 2005. However, resilience studies focusing on natural hazards, especially in rural areas of Iran, are relatively recent, mostly emerging since the early 2010s. Based on the search criteria, 1,742 scientific documents were identified, with 57 relevant articles included in the review. Most documents were found in "Google Scholar," while the fewest were retrieved from "SID." The highest number of studies was conducted in 2017 (12 studies), and the lowest in 2012, 2021, and 2022 (one study each). Data from most studies were analyzed using statistical tests with SPSS, PLS, and AMOS software, while ArcGIS was commonly used for spatial data display and zoning to prioritize study areas. Most resilience studies focused on drought (36.8%), while the fewest focused on land degradation (10.5%). Conclusion The results show that, in flood-related research, the social dimension (29.4%) received the most attention, whereas the institutional dimension (20.6%) received the least. In drought research, the economic dimension (35.4%) received the most attention, while the institutional dimension (16.7%) received the least. In land degradation studies, the physical dimension (33.4%) was the most frequently examined, with other dimensions receiving 22.2% of the focus. Overall, the physical dimension (30.8%) and social dimension (20.5%) received the most attention. By identifying key resilience components, these findings can improve crisis management, reduce damages, and support the planning of development and educational projects in Iran.

Spatial modeling of landslides in Khorasan Razavi Province using machine learning methods

Malihe Mohamadnia; Abolghasem Amirahmadi; Liela Goli Mokhtari

Volume 16, Issue 3 , September 2024, Pages 378-393

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.360481.1997

Abstract

Introduction Humanity is facing many environmental challenges. Natural disasters are among these problems, causing the death and injury of hundreds of thousands of people and rendering millions homeless worldwide every year. Geomorphological hazards, particularly mass movements and landslides, are considered ... Read More Introduction Humanity is facing many environmental challenges. Natural disasters are among these problems, causing the death and injury of hundreds of thousands of people and rendering millions homeless worldwide every year. Geomorphological hazards, particularly mass movements and landslides, are considered some of the most potentially harmful phenomena. Mass movement refers to the outward or downward movement of domain-forming materials under the influence of gravity. These movements are primarily triggered by gravity, natural factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and soil saturation with water, as well as human activities like deforestation and improper engineering operations. According to the 2012 World Natural Hazards Report, landslides were ranked among the seven most dangerous natural disasters globally. The occurrence of natural hazards, including landslides, exerts considerable pressure on the economic development of countries, especially in developing regions, with financial damages hindering economic growth and prosperity. Iran, with its mountainous terrain, high tectonic and seismic activity, and diverse geological and climatic conditions, has created natural conditions conducive to a wide range of landslides. Materials and Methods The aim of this study is to spatially model landslide susceptibility using machine learning techniques, including random forest, support vector machine, and enhanced regression tree, in Razavi Khorasan province. Initially, the distribution map of landslides in the region was prepared through field visits and data from the national landslides database. In the next step, 70% of the identified landslides were used for model development, while 30% were reserved for model evaluation. The information layers for altitude, slope, slope direction, distance from waterway, waterway density, distance from roads, distance from faults, land use, vegetation index, surface curvature, profile curvature, precipitation, and selected lithological units were prepared and mapped using ArcGIS. Results and Discussion Prioritization of the factors affecting landslide occurrence using the random forest model showed that precipitation and altitude had the greatest impact on landslides in the study area. Additionally, the evaluation of the machine learning models using the relative operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that the landslide potential map generated by the random forest method had the highest accuracy (0.97). Based on this map, more than 25% of the area was classified into high and very high-risk zones. Conclusion This map can assist environmental planners in construction projects and help prevent land-use changes and construction in high-risk areas. Additionally, public awareness campaigns can reduce harmful human activities in these zones. While controlling landslides may not always be feasible or is often very expensive, proper management can help mitigate or reduce risks. By identifying the key factors in mass movement occurrences and zoning the areas accordingly, it is hoped that this research will contribute to the development of effective risk management plans and reduce the damage caused by landslides.

Evaluation of sediment delivery ratio estimation methods in Khamsan Representative-Paired Watershed

Nasrin Azami; Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan; Leila Gholami

Volume 16, Issue 3 , September 2024, Pages 394-414

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.358084.1965

Abstract

Introduction Today, soil erosion in particular and soil degradation in general as a result of human activities have been raised as a social problem, and the role of the human factor in the emergence and acceleration of the soil degradation process has been clarified in many fields. Obtaining accurate ... Read More Introduction Today, soil erosion in particular and soil degradation in general as a result of human activities have been raised as a social problem, and the role of the human factor in the emergence and acceleration of the soil degradation process has been clarified in many fields. Obtaining accurate statistics and information about soil erosion and sediment yield in the watersheds is necessary for the implementation of soil conservation programs and methods for determining the resistance to soil erosion and reducing sediment yield. Due to the lack of data about soil erosion and sediment yield in many watersheds of Iran, the use of appropriate empirical methods is inevitable to erosion estimation, sediment yield and especially sediment delivery ratio. Martial and methods For this purpose, in the present study, empirical models for estimation of the sediment delivery ratio based on easy-to-measure variables and three models of SATEEC, InVEST and WaTEM/SEDEM were used in the Khamsan representative-paired watershed, western Iran. The WaTEM module of the WaTEM/SEDEM model is based on the RUSLE model for estimating soil erosion, and in the SEDEM module is based on the performance of effective physical factors in the sediment transport equation. In many sources, the 137Cs method is mentioned as the only available and reliable method for measuring the components of the sediment budget, including total erosion, total sedimentation, net erosion (sediment yield) and sediment delivery ratio, especially at the hillslope and sub-watershed scales. To evaluation of the used models, the results of calculating the sediment delivery ratio using the 137Cs method obtained from previous researches were used, which are 25.61% and 58.94% for the entire watershed and the average of 15 sub-watersheds, respectively, and its accuracy is based on the observed sediment data at the outlet of the watershed has been confirmed. Results and discussion Among the studied sediment delivery ratio models, Renfro and Waldo (1983), Williams and Brendt (1972), Roehl (1962) considering one hour excess precipitation, Walling (1983), Ferro (1995), Vanoni (1975) and USDA (1972) provided the closest estimates (±10%) to the 137Cs method for the whole watershed scale and the Renfro (1975), USDA (1972), USDA-SCS (1979), SATEEC and Roehl (1962) considering one hour excess precipitation for the sub-watershed scale provided the closest estimates (±10%) to the 137Cs method for the sub-watershed scale and were selected as suitable sediment delivery ratio models for Khamsan representative-paired watershed. Also, these models can be used to estimate the sediment delivery ratio in watersheds similar to Khamsan representative-paired watershed. Conclusion In the sub-watersheds scale, the equations estimations based on easy-to-measure variables except the Roehl (1962) method - excess rainfall of 1.0 h was significantly lower than the SATEEC model, on the other hand, the estimations of all the methods except the Roehl (1962) method - excess rainfall of 0.1 h was significantly higher than WaTEM/SEDEM and InVEST models. This issue emphasizes the importance of considering excess precipitation conditions to estimation of the sediment delivery ratio in the presented equations by Roehl. Also, at the scale of the whole watershed, the estimations of the equations based on easy-to-measure variables, except for the Mutchler and Bowie (1975) method, were lower than the results of the SATEEC model. The great difference of the investigated methods performance in the two scales of the sub-watershed and the whole watershed is due to the undeniable effect of the middle plain of the Khamsan watershed in the drastic reduction of the sediment transportation from the sub-watersheds to the outlet of the watershed.

Monitoring land use changes based on decision tree algorithm using Landsat satellite images, case study: West Tehran area

Maryam Soleimani parapari azad; Masoud Kherkhah zarkesh

Volume 16, Issue 3 , September 2024, Pages 415-431

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365534.2060

Abstract

IntroductionThe rapid growth of cities and the process of industrialization have created numerous environmental problems across many parts of the world. It is essential for planners and managers to be aware of changes in land cover and land use over extended periods to evaluate and predict the ... Read More IntroductionThe rapid growth of cities and the process of industrialization have created numerous environmental problems across many parts of the world. It is essential for planners and managers to be aware of changes in land cover and land use over extended periods to evaluate and predict the impacts caused by these changes. Remote sensing is an effective tool for monitoring land use changes in urban areas and their surroundings. Tehran has expanded significantly over the last few decades due to population growth and migration, leaving substantial effects on the surrounding environment. Consequently, this study presents a model based on the decision tree algorithm to classify and monitor land use changes using images from TM and MSS sensors in the western region of Tehran between 1975 and 2011. Materials and methodsIn this study, one MSS sensor image and three TM sensor images from the Landsat satellite, all taken in June, were used along with ancillary data, specifically a digital elevation model extracted from the 1:25000 topographic map of the Mapping Organization. After pre-processing, land cover indices, including vegetation index, DT method, and its combination with the maximum likelihood classification method, were used to extract land use classes. The accuracy of the classified images obtained from the DT was evaluated using the kappa coefficient and overall accuracy, and finally, the changes in different land use classes over time were calculated using the image comparison method. Results and discussionAccording to this study's findings, the overall classification accuracy for 2011 is 82%. The results of change monitoring indicate a positive and increasing trend in the density of built-up land over the 36-year period, while other land types have decreased. The density of the built-up land class in 1975, with an area of 2166 hectares (equivalent to 8%), increased to 8125 hectares (29%) by 2011. In total, the percentage of relative change is 21%, equivalent to 5959 hectares. By examining the land use changes in the west of Tehran from 1975 to 2011, shown in the maps, it is evident that urban development and increased demand for various services, coupled with a lack of adequate space, have led to the destruction of green spaces in the western part of Tehran, replaced by other land uses. ConclusionThis research aimed to monitor land use/cover in the west of Tehran with high classification accuracy using a model based on the DT algorithm combined with the maximum likelihood classification method. Multi-temporal satellite images from the Landsat satellite’s TM and MSS sensors, along with ancillary data, were used to conduct the research. After preparing a land use map for each period, a map depicting land cover and land use changes was extracted. The results of this research indicate that remote sensing data combined with classification techniques have a high capability to extract various types of land use maps and evaluate land use changes. Moreover, Landsat’s MSS and TM sensor data prove to be suitable and cost-effective tools for depicting and analyzing land use/cover changes over time. Additionally, the findings highlight that using a branching or multi-stage method for classifying satellite images offers advantages such as reduced processing time, improved accuracy in small classes, and the ability to use different data sources, feature sets, and algorithms at each decision-making stage.

Evaluating the efficiency of concentration time estimation models in some sub-basins in northwest of Iran

Ali Reza Vaezi; Ouldouz Bakhshi Rad

Volume 16, Issue 3 , September 2024, Pages 432-449

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.361229.2012

Abstract

Introduction The concentration time of catchments is one of the most important and common effective features in hydrological studies, particularly in determining the flow discharge for designing watershed management projects. Most of the catchments in the world especially in Iran were not equipped with ... Read More Introduction The concentration time of catchments is one of the most important and common effective features in hydrological studies, particularly in determining the flow discharge for designing watershed management projects. Most of the catchments in the world especially in Iran were not equipped with hydrometric stations, and project managers are forced to use traditional empirical models to estimate concentration time and peak flow. The review of previous studies shows that experimental models for estimating concentration time have unfavorable results due to the change of environmental conditions outside the place where the model is presented. On the other hand, there is not enough information about the effectiveness of experimental models for estimating concentration time in many catchments in Iran, especially in semi-arid areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of some experimental models for estimating concentration time in the sub-basins of the semi-arid region of the northwest of the country and to identify its determining factors. Materials and methods This study was conducted in eight sub-basins including Alanagh, Ordakloo, Shekaralichay, Shiramin, Kurjan, Kalaleh and Livar from Urmia Lake and Araz River basins in Northwest Iran. Meteorological and hydrometric data were obtained from the Natural Resources of East Azerbaijan and stations belonging to the Ministry of Energy. The characteristics of the basin such as area, length, slope, height and shape were determined through field studies and drawing maps in the GIS platform. The concentration time was calculated using the hydrograph of the flows in the statistical period of 30 years (from 1367 to 1397) and it was estimated through six experimental models including Kirpich (1940), Kerby (1959), Chow (1962), Federal Aviation Administration (1972), Bransby-Williams (1980) and Ventura (2007). The relationship between concentration time and catchment characteristics was investigated by correlation matrix, Pearson's method. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, average error and root mean square error were used to evaluate the accuracy of the models. Results and discussion According to the results, Shekaralichay sub basin has the shortest (66 minutes) and the Kalaleh sub basin has the longest concentration time (132 minutes). Bransby-Williams model had the lowest error (6.8 %) and the highest efficiency coefficient (73%); while the estimation error (36.2 %) and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of Federal Aviation Administration model were 36.2% and-14.4% respectively. The slope was the most important main factor on the estimation of concentration time of the assessment in the Kirpich model (r= 0.83), Chow (r= 0.82) and Bransby-Williams (r= 0.73). Federal Aviation Administration model (1972) and Ventura model (2007) have a weak estimate in sub-basins with low slope and length. Conclusions The results showed that among the physical characteristics of the basin, the area, slope and length of the sub-basin play a more important role in changes in concentration time. This study showed that the slope percentage of the basin is the most important factor in reducing concentration time, peak discharge and increasing the speed of flooding in the studied sub-basins, so it is suggested to use soil protection plans in order to increase the concentration time for sub-basins that have a higher slope percentage. The evaluation of concentration time estimation models in eight catchments showed that the Bransby-Williams (1980) model with an average error of 6.80% and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 73% provides the best estimation among others, so the use of this model in similar basins which do not have measuring stations, it is suggested.

Analysis and simulation of affecting factors on snow avalanche occurrence using RAMMS model, Velayat Rood in Central Alborz, Alborz Province

Majid Kazemzadeh; Zahra Noori; Mohammad Jahantigh

Volume 16, Issue 3 , September 2024, Pages 450-468

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2022.357252.1949

Abstract

Introduction One of the natural disasters that threaten residential areas and roads in mountainous regions is mountain falls, including rockfalls, avalanches, and landslides. Avalanches carry large amounts of snow, rocks, ice, and debris downstream in mountainous areas. The occurrence of avalanches ... Read More Introduction One of the natural disasters that threaten residential areas and roads in mountainous regions is mountain falls, including rockfalls, avalanches, and landslides. Avalanches carry large amounts of snow, rocks, ice, and debris downstream in mountainous areas. The occurrence of avalanches is a significant natural hazard that results in considerable human and financial losses, making the study of factors influencing avalanches and their simulation crucial for managing this phenomenon. Materials and methods In this study, the factors affecting snow avalanches (both terrestrial and meteorological) were examined using the RAMMS simulation model in the Central Alborz Velayat Rood (Dizin Road), Alborz Province. Topographic and geomorphological factors, such as slope, aspect, curvature, topographic position index (TPI), terrain roughness index (TRI), and topographic wetness index (TWI), were analyzed using a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 6×6 cm² pixel size obtained by drone. Meteorological factors, including rainfall, temperature, and wind, were also considered. The RAMMS simulation model was then used to estimate avalanche components such as speed, pressure, and height within the study area. Results and discussion The results indicated that slope and aspect, as topographic indicators, have a significant impact on snow avalanche formation and occurrence. The largest portion of the region, covering 5.7 hectares (54.6% of the study area), with a northeast aspect and slopes of 60 to 120%, was identified as having the highest avalanche potential. Additionally, the RAMMS simulation model results showed that the average and maximum avalanche speeds in the region were 5.3 m/s and 16 m/s, respectively. The average effective avalanche pressure was 7 kPa, with a maximum of 45 kPa. The estimated avalanche height indicated that the average avalanche height in the runout area (residential areas) was 4.5 meters, with a maximum height of 10 meters, categorizing it as a large avalanche. Conclusion Understanding avalanches and their dynamic characteristics is essential for predicting and controlling this hazardous natural phenomenon. Identifying avalanche types (wet, slab, or powder) can greatly assist experts in managing and proposing control methods. In this study, maps, meteorological data, and geomorphological parameters such as curvature, TPI, TRI, and TWI, along with field observations, were used to identify accumulation areas, track zones, and runout zones. The study identified the key factors influencing avalanche occurrence in the region, including high slopes (60-120%), slope orientation (north and northeast), and climatic factors such as precipitation and temperature. The average avalanche height in the runout area (residential areas) was 4.5 meters, with a maximum of 10 meters. This study indicates a high potential for avalanches and associated damage in the area, underscoring the need for management and control programs to mitigate possible harm.

Effect of sand on increased moisture in the root zone using two methods of irrigation

Mansour Jahantigh

Volume 12, Issue 4 , January 2021, , Pages 994-1008

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2020.127982.1726

Abstract

Soil erosion is an important chalenge in arid and semi-arid regions which has a negative impact on soil productivity and lose soil. Improper management of natural resources causes soil erosion. This reaearch was implemented in the north of Sistan and its aim was to idintyfy the effect of sand on increased ... Read More

Effect of drought on groundwater resources in order to optimize utilization management, case study: Plain Alashtar

Gholamreza Chamanpira; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Hasan Ahmadi; Arash Malekian

Volume 6, Issue 1 , May 2014, , Pages 10-20

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2014.101733

Abstract

Drought is the most hazardous natural phenomenon. Although not preventable, its negative effects can be reduced through taking some measures. One of the systems severely affected by drought while less considered is the groundwater. In this study, drought status and its impact on groundwater resources ... Read More

Considering the ability of Cs-137 method application to calculate soil sediment and deposition in Taseran watershed of Kabodar Ahang

Tooraj Asadi; Seyed Saber Shahooei; Mohammad Asadi; Amir Mansour Shahsavar

Volume 3, Issue 2 , August 2011, , Pages 94-101

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2011.101920

Abstract

Due to the importance of water erosion in reducing soil fertility many studies have been done on the quantity of this destructive phenomenon. Tamura and Rogowosky found a meaningful relation between water erosion and Cs-137 loss in soil matrix. This report was the first of application of Cs-137 method ... Read More

Developing WEAP an integrated water resources model for modeling in drought conditions

Fatemeh Mirzaie Nodoushan; Shahab Araghinejad; Omid Bozorghaddad

Volume 7, Issue 1 , April 2015, , Pages 85-97

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2015.100954

Abstract

One of the most important problems of water resources operation systems, specifically surface reservoirs in confronting hydrologic variability, is considering drought phenomenon effects on operation methods. As well as flow variations relative to average flow, duration of the drought is another ... Read More

ASAR and PALSAR sensors assessment for landslide detection, ‎monitoring using differential interferometry in Zagros Mountains

Kourosh Shirani; Abdollah Seif; Mohamad Sharifikia

Volume 6, Issue 3 , November 2014, , Pages 288-301

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2014.101711

Abstract

Launching satellites with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors onboard, purposely built for differential interferometry (D-InSAR) applications opened new opportunities for mapping and monitoring slow ground deformations and even high speed landslides, for the updating of regional landslide inventories ... Read More

Evaluation of Ecosystem Health of Meyghan Wetland of Arak

seid omid aleyasin; bahman shamsesfandabad; Hamid Toranjzar; abas ahmadi; Shahro Mokhtari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 September 2021

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2021.353494.1879

Abstract

Abstract: Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. They provide a unique and rich habitat for creature .they also perform a wide range of economic and service functions such as water conservation, runoff regulation, water quality treatment and recreational services. The aim of ... Read More

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Estimation of spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture with ground penetrating radar(GPR)

mohammad taghi heydari; Hosseinali Bahrami; , alireza aliyari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2022.352582.1857

Abstract

Soil moisture is one of the fundamental parameters of the environment that is directly influenced by plant life, animal and activity of micro-organisms and plays a major role in energy exchanges between air and soil. Determination of the exact amount of soil moisture content in agricultural, hydrology ... Read More

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Qualitative study of river water using Hilsenhoff biological index (Case study: Babolrood watershed)

mehri raoofi; Mahmoud Habibnejad Roshan; Kaka Shahedi; Fatemeh Kardel

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2022.356556.1926

Abstract

Rivers are the main arteries of watersheds that play an important role in providing water for agriculture, drinking and industry. On the other hand, the reduction of river water quality has been one of the biggest human concerns in the last century. In order to evaluate the quality of running water, ... Read More

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Investigating the trend of precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures of East Azarbaijan province using the coupled model of the sixth report (CMIP6)

behrouz sobhani; Nazli Zenozi Alamdari; Mehdi Eshahi,; Masihallah Mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.363697.2034

Abstract

The importance of the issue is such that the United Nations has established an institution called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to monitor climate change at the global level and examine the role of human activities in climate change. Until now, climate models have developed many ... Read More

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Analysis of the problems of the agricultural and natural resources research and education centers regarding watershed management and the existing scenarios

jamal mosaffaie; Ataollah Ebrahimi; Mahmood Arabkhedri; Parviz Garshasbi; Amin Salehpour Jam; Mahmoudreza Tabatabaei; Hamidreza Peyrowan; Mohammadreza Gharibreza; Mehran Zand; Bagher Ghermez Cheshme

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.364792.2043

Abstract

For the effective management of watersheds, it is necessary to conduct appropriate and practical research, which in turn requires solving the problems related to this area. This article intends to have an analysis of their problems in the field of soil conservation and watershed management based on common ... Read More

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Evaluation of sediment trapping in check dams (case study: Nehzatabad watershed)

Mohsen Armin; Hamide Zahedikhah; Maleeha Mozayyan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365173.2051

Abstract

Check dams have the largest amount of watershed improvement operations in Iran. Therefore, considering the frequency of construction and as a result the cost of construction, it is necessary to investigate their performance in watersheds to identify their strengths and weaknesses. In this research, the ... Read More

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The relationship between soil characteristics and habitat slope on the quantitative and qualitative yield of vetiver plant in soil protection(case study: side slope of Sangar dam, Siahkol city, Gilan province)

sahel haghighi; ZeinabY Jafarian; Mohamad Azadbakht; forood sharifi; Reza Tamartash

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365242.2053

Abstract

According to the morphological and physiological characteristics of vetiver roots, it can be usedas the most suitable protective wall on the steep and side slopes. For this purpose, this study was carried out on the side slopes of Sangar Dam reservoir in Siahkol city in Gilan province. In this resesrch, ... Read More

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An Analysis of the Watershed Engineering and Management Journal Over 15 Publication Cycles (2009-2023)

Hasan Nikkhou; Amin Salehpour Jam; Zahra Gerami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365583.2061

Abstract

Today, the natural resources of the country face serious problems and threats such as water scarcity, drought, climate change, water pollution, soil and air pollution, desertification, soil erosion, and issues arising from unsustainable and inappropriate land use practices such as deforestation, destruction ... Read More

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Investigating the effects of climate change using the results of the Sixth evaluation report of the inter-state delegation on the amount of runoff and sediment yield

Mohammad Reza Sheykh Rabiee; Hamid Reza Peyrowan; Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh; Mehry Akbary; Baharak Motamedvaziri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365664.2062

Abstract

Climate change is one of the most important challenges that affects natural ecosystems and different aspects of human life. The effects of global warming on the hydrology and water cycle in nature are very serious, and knowing these effects quantitatively creates more preparation to deal with its consequences. ... Read More

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Prioritization of Gullied area in Qazvin province

Reza Bayat; majid zanjanijam; Majid Soufi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365707.2063

Abstract

Soil erosion causes soil degradation and reduction of its fertility potential. Gully erosion is one of the accelerated phenomena caused by human developmen programs and one of the important factors of soil degradation, which causes soil lost and sediment production in different climates of Iran. Physical ... Read More

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Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal changes in historical and future extreme temperature events in Iran under the influence of climate change

Morteza Miri; Mehran Zand; Mohammadreza Kousari; Mojtaba Rahimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366334.2071

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the spatial-temporal variations of extreme temperature events in Iran. The data used in this study includes the daily average maximum and minimum temperatures from 123 synoptic stations during the observational period from 1988 to 2017. Additionally, it ... Read More

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Separation of the contribution of climate change and human activities on the changes in river flow using the hydrological sensitivity analysis approach based on Budyko's hypothesis (Case study: Qazvin plain salt marsh)

sara Heshmati; bijan nazari; Mohammadreza Nikoo

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366054.2069

Abstract

Climate change and human activities are the two main factors in the change of runoff. The purpose of this research is to determine the contribution of each of the factors of climate change and human activities on the changes in the runoff of Qazvin plain. The evaluation of the trend in the annual amounts ... Read More

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Evaluating the effect of pitting operations on improving soil conditions and vegetation diversity

Banafshe Yasrebi; Mehri Dinarvand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365877.2066

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of pitting construction on the restoration of native vegetation in degraded lands and dust emission hotspots in southern Khuzestan province, located in Bandar Mahshahr city.Transect-quadrat method was used to investigate changes in vegetation cover. ... Read More

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Investigating the effectiveness of using infrared non-contact sensor in water level monitoring

Mohammadreza Kousari; forood sharifi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365871.2065

Abstract

One of the main challenge of water resources management in the Iran is the lack of sufficient water level and discharge data from the watersheds. This is more serious for small watersheds. Meanwhile, the use of water level data-loggers devices can significantly reduce the problems of collecting surface ... Read More

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Development of a framework for evaluating the vulnerability of watersheds to floods

Omid Rahmati; Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour; Bagher Ghermez Cheshme

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366400.2072

Abstract

Extended AbstractIntroduction:Floods cause financial losses and many casualties in Iran every year and have harmful effects on the sustainable development of the watershed. The purpose of this research is to develop a scientific framework for evaluating the flood vulnerability situation in Zarineh watershed.Materials ... Read More

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Badland erosion susceptibility assessment in the Firozkuh watershed

Majid Mohammady; Mojtaba Amiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365392.2057

Abstract

Erosion is often capable of causing several on-site and off-site impacts. Erosion is common in hilly areas, but their severity will vary depending on the geoenvironmental factors including, Steep sloping, geological characteristics, vegetation and climatic factors making it more vulnerable to erosion. ... Read More

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Investigation the possibility of using Goijeh Bel fractured rocks aquifer to supply drinking water to Ahar city

Abdorreza Vaezihir; Fatemeh Safari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.364536.2039

Abstract

Goijeh Bel study area, located 10 km southwest of Ahar city, has unconfined aquifers in young alluviums and riverbed sediments. It includes alluvial and fractured rock aquifers in non-alluvial lithological units with secondary porosity. Springs in Goijeh Bel basin primarily emerge from fractured rock, ... Read More

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Tolerable Erosion: Concepts and estimation methods suitable for Iran's conditions

yahya parvizi; Zahra Gerami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365322.2055

Abstract

Estimates made in the country indicate the annual waste of about one billion cubic meters of soil from the country's land resources. Although the economic valuation of this volume of soil resource loss is difficult, but considering the fragile balance of ecosystems in the country's land resources, it ... Read More

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Evaluating the effectiveness of developing of Hybrid Artificial Neural Network Models and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm for estimating of Suspended Sediment in Selected hydrometric stations of Ardabil province

Seyed Ahmad Hosseini; Ahmad Tabatabaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366963.2082

Abstract

AbstractCorrect estimation of the suspended sediment content of rivers plays an important role in studies of erosion and sediment, hydrology, and watershed management. Simulation of suspended sediment in hydrological systems with a high degree of uncertainty and yet, our understanding of the components ... Read More AbstractCorrect estimation of the suspended sediment content of rivers plays an important role in studies of erosion and sediment, hydrology, and watershed management. Simulation of suspended sediment in hydrological systems with a high degree of uncertainty and yet, our understanding of the components and processes within them is faced with uncertainties, causing many applications of intelligent models, including artificial neural networks. However, the use of these intelligent models is also facing challenges. Determining the appropriate network structure requires optimizing the parameters used (such as the optimal number of neurons and layers, weight and bias, and the type of activation functions) so that their proper calibration by trial and error, while low efficiency, results in time-consuming. In the present study, in order to simulate the daily suspended sediment load in selected watersheds of Ardabil province, including the Sarab Gharasu watershed (Ghorchai and Hirchai Rivers), a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network was used. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to train the neural network model, in addition to the conventional error propagation method, and to optimize the weight and bias values of neural network model neurons. Also, the self-organizing map clustering method was used to increase the generalization power of the models. The results of the present study showed that training of neural network models with the PSO algorithm in all selected rivers was more efficient than neural network models which use only the error propagation method. Since evolutionary algorithms (such as PSO algorithm) can provide suitable solutions for the optimization of neural network parameters, their application in training neural network models can be a good solution to improve the efficiency of smart models in simulating suspended sediment of rivers and using its results in the progress of watershed structures and water resources operations.

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Modeling the Rainfall-Runoff of Ajichai Basin Using Intelligent Models

Pouya Allahverdipour; Yaghob Dinpashoh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365227.2052

Abstract

A significant portion of precipitation in the hydrologic cycle is converted into runoff due to the characteristics of watersheds. Considering the problem that the Lake Urmia Basin is going to be shirinkage, it is important to identify the water resources of this basin and its sub-basins.Ajichai basin, ... Read More

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The role of watershed measures in management, protection and restoration of water resources (Examination of some latest reports on the effectiveness of watershed measures in Iran)

Maryam Sadat Jaafarzadeh; Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 07 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366459.2073

Abstract

Watershed management measures are carried out to maintain or restore the ecosystem function of watersheds by reducing the effects of events such as floods, landslides, erosion, etc. downstream and increasing the productivity of existing resources and improving local livelihoods. These measures become ... Read More Watershed management measures are carried out to maintain or restore the ecosystem function of watersheds by reducing the effects of events such as floods, landslides, erosion, etc. downstream and increasing the productivity of existing resources and improving local livelihoods. These measures become effective when they identify and restore or strengthen areas of high ecological value that must be protected from destruction or conversion to other uses. In this study, the effectiveness of some of the latest watershed management plans implemented in different watersheds in Iran (the effectiveness of watershed measures in Behshahr-Galoogah watershed, Maragheh watershed - Markazi province, Khaveh-Delijan watershed, Asiaborud watershed in Chalus city and Faryab-Golashgerd watershed- Kerman province) and the state of the water resources were discussed according to the latest available documents. Each of these projects and the positive and negative results were considered. The results of the implementation of watershed measures in Behshahr-Galoogah watershed indicated that in the sub-basins where the measures were constructed as a combination of different structures compared to the streams regime, it was effective in reducing the peak discharge of runoff and increasing the concentration time. In sub-basins with few check dams, according to sub-basins area and the long length of the streams, these check dams did not cause a significant reduction in streams length, changing the concentration time and peak discharge of runoff, but stabilized streams longitudinal profile. Based on the findings of the effectiveness of watershed measures in Maragheh watershed-Markazi Province, specific erosion and specific sediment, before and after the implementation of watershed measures were evaluated 10.78 and 3.14 (Ton/km2), 3.1 and 66. 9 (Ton/km2) respectively. Also, the ratio of profit and cost evaluated 0.9, which is multiplied during the years of implementation so, it is higher than one, which indicates the economic efficiency of the project.

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Evaluating the Effects of Climate Change on Droughts in the Coming Decades in Aras Basin Under the CMIP6 Model

Fatemeh Vatanparast Ghaleh Juq; Bromand Salahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.364619.2040

Abstract

The severity and frequency of droughts become more complicated with the occurrence of climate change and is an important issue in the agriculture and water resources sector. The current research was conducted to predict drought in Ardabil, Ahar, Parsabad, Jolfa, Khoi, and Mako stations located in the ... Read More

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Strategic analysis of ancient Chinese drainage system pattern with resilience approach against urban flooding

Mahjabin Radaei; Esmaeil Salehi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366704.2076

Abstract

In the transition from an introverted traditional society to an extroverted modern one, many places cannot remain resilient and sustainable against the tensions of modernity and the conflicts of dominant culture. The effort to create reliable, safe, economic, and resilient infrastructure in the face ... Read More

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Feasibility Study of UnderGroud Dam Constructing in the Sub-basins of Western Semnan Province Using Hierarchical Analyses and Geographic Information Systems

Alireza Majidi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.367229.2085

Abstract

The protection and enhancement of water resources, as well as the collection and storage of water with minimal losses, are among the effective measures in areas with arid and semi-arid climates. Groundwater dam technology is recommended as a suitable solution for the management and development of water ... Read More The protection and enhancement of water resources, as well as the collection and storage of water with minimal losses, are among the effective measures in areas with arid and semi-arid climates. Groundwater dam technology is recommended as a suitable solution for the management and development of water resources in these climates. This paper explores the feasibility of constructing a groundwater dam in the sub-basins of western Semnan Province using hierarchical analysis and geographic information systems (GIS). Based on the nature, performance, and objectives of groundwater dams, and through a review of the literature, the necessary conditions, characteristics, and criteria for selecting suitable locations for constructing these types of underground hydraulic structures were identified. To identify areas with the potential for groundwater dam construction, criteria and characteristics related to geology, hydrology, water resources, topography, and geometry were utilized. Initially, some areas were eliminated by absolute criteria or classified as unsuitable in the decision-making criteria. Using absolute criteria such as fault zones (100 to 200 meters), water source buffers (500 meters), stream rank (1 and 2), slope percentage (over 8%), and the lithology of geological formations (alluvial and gypsum and saline layers) as exclusion criteria, areas were hierarchically and stepwise eliminated using Boolean logic within the GIS framework. After weighting, all decision-making and selection criteria were classified and internally scored based on their impact on creating favorable conditions for the desired structure, and prepared as an information layer in raster format with a pixel size of 25 meters in the GIS environment. Following the elimination of unsuitable areas through exclusion criteria, prioritized suitable regions were identified by overlaying the layers related to the classified criteria and summing the scores in each area. Results showed that over 20% drainage of the surface area of the western Semnan Province has the potential for the

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A Review of Two Decades of Flood and Drought Hazards in Kerman Province

Elaheh Foroudi Sefat; Soudabeh Golestani Kermani; Marzieh Samare Hashemi; Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366749.2077

Abstract

Materials and methods:In the present review research, articles and reports related to flood and drought phenomena in Kerman Province (located in Iran) have been collected and studied, and in this regard, 49 practical articles in Persian (2004‒2024) and 9 articles in English (2012‒2023) were analyzed. ... Read More

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Number of Volumes	16
Number of Issues	63
Number of Articles	725
Number of Contributors	1,560
Article View	596,999
PDF Download	515,900
View Per Article	823.45
PDF Download Per Article	711.59
Acceptance Rate	35
Average First Action (Day)	2
Average Review Date (Day)	30
Average Time to Accept (Day)	150
Average Time to Publish (After Acceptance) (Day)	180
Number of Indexing Databases	5

Volume 16 (2024-2025)

Volume 15 (2023-2024)

Volume 14 (2022-2023)

Volume 13 (2021-2022)

Volume 12 (2020-2021)

Volume 11 (2019-2020)

Volume 10 (2018-2019)

Volume 9 (2017-2018)

Volume 8 (2016-2017)

Volume 7 (2015-2016)

Volume 6 (2014-2015)

Volume 5 (2013-2014)

Volume 4 (2012-2013)

Volume 3 (2011-2012)

Volume 2 (2010-2011)

Volume 1 (2009-2010)

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Indexing and Abstracting

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