seid omid aleyasin; bahman shamsesfandabad; Hamid Toranjzar; abas ahmadi; Shahro Mokhtari
Abstract
Abstract: Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. They provide a unique and rich habitat for creature .they also perform a wide range of economic and service functions such as water conservation, runoff regulation, water quality treatment and recreational services. The aim of ...
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Abstract: Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. They provide a unique and rich habitat for creature .they also perform a wide range of economic and service functions such as water conservation, runoff regulation, water quality treatment and recreational services. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecosystem health of Meyghan Wetland of Arak based on different methods. To evaluate the Meyghan Wetland of Arak and also to evaluate the status of benthic organisms and other parameters, sampling of sediments of the wetland floor was performed. Sampling was performed at 10 points of the wetland and at 5 replications at each point. Several indicators were used to assess the health of Meyghan Wetland. Which included a biotic-index (BI) based on the work of Borja et al. (2000). In addition to the above, the main framework includes bio-indicators, heavy metal pollution index and water quality index, which have been considered in this study. The ecosystem health of Meyghan Wetland was evaluated based on the mentioned indicators and the map of ecosystem health of Meyghan Wetland was prepared. The results of this study showed that except for the nickel, zinc and lead as well as pH, for other elements (EC, Na, Cl, Mg, Ca, HCO3, SO4 and TDS), the lowest and highest values belong respectively To stations 3 and 6. The high amount of these elements in station 6 can be due to the activity of sodium sulfate factory in the northern part of the wetland, which causes changes in the wetland ecosystem by removing sediments from the wetland floor. In the case of copper, zinc and lead, the lowest concentration is seen in the northwestern part of the wetland and the highest concentration is seen in the western and southeastern parts of the wetland.
mohammad taghi heydari; Hosseinali Bahrami; , alireza aliyari
Abstract
Soil moisture is one of the fundamental parameters of the environment that is directly influenced by plant life, animal and activity of micro-organisms and plays a major role in energy exchanges between air and soil. Determination of the exact amount of soil moisture content in agricultural, hydrology ...
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Soil moisture is one of the fundamental parameters of the environment that is directly influenced by plant life, animal and activity of micro-organisms and plays a major role in energy exchanges between air and soil. Determination of the exact amount of soil moisture content in agricultural, hydrology and geological sciences is very important. Therefore, the use of a method that can achieve soil moisture in normal and non-corrosion conditions with high speed and accuracy is very important and fundamental. The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-destructive method for the subsurface investigation that is evolving and seems to be able to greatly help agriculture to identify soil and protect culture systems. Different studies have been done in the field of soil moisture determination using GPR, but in Iran, there are limited studies on the ability of this method to estimate spatial changes of soil moisture content, therefore, this research has been done with these goals. The results indicate that in the study area, the distribution of humidity at each stage of harvest shows limited changes if the time changes of humidity in the time interval between winter and spring are about 10-15% of the difference. Also, the mean square of GPR method error compared with TDR 13.2 method is also compared to the GPR and weighted 81.3 method and the correlation coefficient in these two comparisons is equal to 0.87 and 0.95, which indicates the high accuracy of the GPR method for estimating soil moisture.
mehri raoofi; Mahmoud Habibnejad Roshan; Kaka Shahedi; Fatemeh Kardel
Abstract
Rivers are the main arteries of watersheds that play an important role in providing water for agriculture, drinking and industry. On the other hand, the reduction of river water quality has been one of the biggest human concerns in the last century. In order to evaluate the quality of running water, ...
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Rivers are the main arteries of watersheds that play an important role in providing water for agriculture, drinking and industry. On the other hand, the reduction of river water quality has been one of the biggest human concerns in the last century. In order to evaluate the quality of running water, biological indicators and the study of benthic invertebrates can be used. The aim of this study was to investigate the water quality of the main rivers of Babolrood watershed using the Hilsenhof Biological Index (HFBI). For this purpose, sampling of benthic invertebrates in 5 main river stations was performed using a net frame (sorber) with a cover area of 40 cm2 and transferred to the laboratory for identification. Then, using Pennak (1953) and Mellenby (1963) identification keys, the samples were identified by family and sex and counted and weighed. Also, at the same time as sampling of benthic organisms to study the physicochemical properties of water, samples were taken from river water. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between biological samples and physicochemical properties of water. The results showed that Babolk station with the lowest FBI and Babolrood-Babol station with the highest FBI were in the category of non-organic pollution and some organic pollution, respectively. The results of correlation of biological samples with physicochemical parameters in most cases were not significant at 95% confidence level. The highest correlation coefficient between Oligochaeta species was with Diversity biodiversity.Keywords: Benthic invertebrates, water quality, HFBI, Babolrood watershed, Mazandaran province
Ardeshir Mesbah; Esmail Karamidehkordi; Shadali Tohidloo; Amin Salehpour Jam; Tofigh Saadi
Abstract
Iran has always been one of the most vulnerable places in the world against environmental hazards due to its special spatial-spatial structures. The aim of this research is to review the traces of resilience of natural hazards in Iran with an emphasis on the hazards of floods, droughts, land degradation ...
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Iran has always been one of the most vulnerable places in the world against environmental hazards due to its special spatial-spatial structures. The aim of this research is to review the traces of resilience of natural hazards in Iran with an emphasis on the hazards of floods, droughts, land degradation and combined researches. This study was carried out using a conceptual methodology and using a systematic analysis of related researches conducted in the country in the form of articles, treatises and dissertations included in selected databases inside the country. In this research, using conceptual analysis, the data were analyzed thematically. Although a handful of studies on resilience against natural hazards had been conducted in Iran before the 2010s, these resilience studies, especially in rural areas, have a short lifespan. After the scientific refinement of 1742 scientific documents from the beginning of 2010s, fifty seven related articles and theses were extracted and analyzed. The results showed that the most studies conducted in the field of resilience were in the field of drought and the least studies were conducted in the field of land degradation studies. In the researches carried out in the field of flood, the social dimension received the most attention and the institutional dimension received the least attention. In the field of drought, the economic dimension and the institutional dimension respectively had the most and the least attention in the researches conducted in this field. In the field of land degradation and combined research, the physical dimension was the most important. By identifying the important components of society's resilience against natural hazards, it is possible to improve crisis management, reduce damages and effectively plan development and educational projects at the country level.
Majid Kazemzadeh; Zahra Noori; Mohammad Jahantigh
Abstract
Occurrence of avalanches in mountainous areas is one of the most important natural hazards that cause a lot of human and financial losses. The study of affecting factors on avalanche occurrence and simulation is very important to manage this phenomenon. In this study, the affecting factors on the occurrence ...
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Occurrence of avalanches in mountainous areas is one of the most important natural hazards that cause a lot of human and financial losses. The study of affecting factors on avalanche occurrence and simulation is very important to manage this phenomenon. In this study, the affecting factors on the occurrence of snow avalanche (terrestrial and meteorological factors) and its simulation have been studied using the RAMMS simulation model in the Central Alborz Velayat Rood (Dizin Road), Alborz Province. Topographic and geomorphological factors such as slope, aspect, curvature, topographic position index (TPI), terrain roughness index (TRI) and topographic wetness index (TWI) using 6 ×6 cm2 pixel size of digital elevation model (DEM) were prepared by using a drone. Meteorological factors such as rainfall, temperature and wind were also considered. Then, using RAMMS simulation model, avalanche components such as avalanche speed, pressure and height were estimated in the study area. The results showed that the amount of slope and aspect as a topographic indicator have a great impact on the formation and occurrence of the snow avalanche. The largest part of the region with an area of 5.7 hectares (54.6% of the study area) with a northeast aspect and slope of 60 to 120%, the accumulation and track areas, has the greatest potential for avalanche. Also, the results of RAMMS simulation model showed that the average speed and maximum avalanche speed in the region were 5.3 m/s and 16 m/s. The average effective avalanche pressure was 7 and the maximum avalanche pressure in the region was 45 KPa. Estimation of avalanche height in the region also showed that the average avalanche height in the runout area (residential areas) was 4.5 meters and the maximum avalanche height in the region was 10 meters, which is classified as a large avalanche.
behrouz sobhani; Nazli Zenozi Alamdari; Mehdi Eshahi,; Masihallah Mohammadi
Abstract
The importance of the issue is such that the United Nations has established an institution called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to monitor climate change at the global level and examine the role of human activities in climate change. Until now, climate models have developed many ...
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The importance of the issue is such that the United Nations has established an institution called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to monitor climate change at the global level and examine the role of human activities in climate change. Until now, climate models have developed many effective tools for climate simulations in the past and future periods. The sixth phase of the coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP6) continues the pattern of evolution and compatible characteristics of the previous phases of CMIP, and the output of the models of the sixth report under the new scenarios are Socio-economic Pathways (SSPS) and it also provides different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP).First, in order to increase the accuracy of the results of climate models, the results of 12 climate models of the sixth report in the period from 1989 to 2019 were weighted based on the combined Kling-Gupta index (KGE) and based on the resulting ranks BCC-CSM2-MR models and MIROC6 respectively have the greatest ability in simulating temperature and precipitation of the historical period in all selected synoptic stations. In the following, the forecast results of the climate models under the three scenarios of SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 for the future period were calculated and finally the average changes of maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation in the horizon of 2020 to 2100 were presented in the form of maps and diagrams.The results showed that in all emission scenarios, the annual temperature will increase and the annual precipitation will decrease. The annual maximum temperature in the selected stations will increase between 0.57 and 6.41 degrees Celsius and the annual minimum temperature will increase between 0.46 and 4.89 degrees Celsius and the precipitation will decrease between -2.3 and -9.18 percent.
Nasrin Azami; Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan; Leila Gholami
Abstract
Due to the lack of data about soil erosion and sediment yield in many watersheds of Iran, the use of appropriate empirical methods is inevitable to erosion estimation, sediment yield and especially sediment delivery ratio. For this purpose, in the present study, empirical models for estimation of the ...
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Due to the lack of data about soil erosion and sediment yield in many watersheds of Iran, the use of appropriate empirical methods is inevitable to erosion estimation, sediment yield and especially sediment delivery ratio. For this purpose, in the present study, empirical models for estimation of the sediment delivery ratio based on easy-to-measure variables and three models of SATEEC, InVEST and WaTEM/SEDEM were used in the Khamsan representative-paired watershed, western Iran. To evaluate the used models, the results of calculating the sediment delivery ratio using the 137Cs method obtained from previous researches were used, which are 25.61% and 58.94% for the entire watershed and the average of 15 sub-watersheds, respectively, and its accuracy is based on the observed sediment data at the outlet of the watershed has been confirmed. Among the studied sediment delivery ratio models, Renfro and Waldo (1983), Williams and Brendt (1972), Roehl (1962) considering one hour excess precipitation, Walling (1983), Ferro (1995), Vanoni (1975) and USDA (1972) provided the closest estimates (±10%) to the 137Cs method for the whole watershed scale and the Renfro (1975), USDA (1972), USDA-SCS (1979), SATEEC and Roehl (1962) considering one hour excess precipitation for the sub-watershed scale provided the closest estimates (±10%) to the 137Cs method for the sub-watershed scale and were selected as suitable sediment delivery ratio models for Khamsan representative-paired watershed. Also, these models can be used to estimate the sediment delivery ratio in watersheds similar to Khamsan representative-paired watershed.
Malihe Mohamadnia; Abolghasem Amirahmadi; Liela Goli Mokhtari
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to spatially model landslide susceptibility using machine learning methods such as random forest, support vector machine and enhanced regression tree in Razavi Khorasan province. At first, the distribution map of landslides in the region was prepared by field visits and ...
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The purpose of this research is to spatially model landslide susceptibility using machine learning methods such as random forest, support vector machine and enhanced regression tree in Razavi Khorasan province. At first, the distribution map of landslides in the region was prepared by field visits and using the country's landslides database. In the next step, 70% of the identified landslides were used for the modeling process and 30% for the evaluation of the said models. The information layers of height, slope, direction of slope, distance from waterway, density of waterway, distance from road, distance from fault, land use, vegetation index, surface curvature, profile curvature, precipitation and selected geology and its maps in ArcGIS environment it was prepared. The results of prioritizing the effective factors using the random forest model showed that the factors of precipitation and altitude had the greatest impact on the occurrence of landslides in the study area. Also, the results of the evaluation of machine learning models using the relative performance detection curve (ROC) showed that the map prepared by the random forest method had the highest accuracy in preparing the landslide potential map in the studied area and based on this, more than 25% The area is in the high and very high risk class.
Ouldouz Bakhshi Rad; Ali Reza Vaezi
Abstract
The concentration time of catchments is one of the most important and common effective features in hydrological studies, particularly in determining the flow discharge for designing watershed management projects. Most of the catchments in the world especially in Iran were not equipped with hydrometric ...
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The concentration time of catchments is one of the most important and common effective features in hydrological studies, particularly in determining the flow discharge for designing watershed management projects. Most of the catchments in the world especially in Iran were not equipped with hydrometric stations, and project managers are forced to use traditional empirical models to estimate concentration time and peak flow. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of empirical models for estimating the concentration time in sub basins and to investigate its determining factors. The concentration time in eight sub basins from Urmia Lake and Araz River basins in Northwest Iran was calculated by examining the hydrograph of stream flows in a statistical period of 30 years (from 1367 to 1397). It was estimated through six empirical models including Kirpich (1940), Kerby (1959), Chow (1962), Federal Aviation Administration (1972), Bransby-Williams (1980) and Ventura (2007). The characteristics of the sub basins such as area, length, slope, height and shape were determined through field studies and drawing maps in GIS platform. According to the results, Shekaralichay sub basin has the shortest (66 minutes) and the Kalaleh sub basin has the longest concentration time (132 minutes). Bransby-Williams model had the lowest error (6.8 %) and the highest efficiency coefficient (73%); While the estimation error (36.2 %) and the efficiency of Federal Aviation Administration model was 36.2% and-14.4% respectively. The slope was the most important main factor on the estimation of concentration time of the assessment in the Kirpich model (r= 0.83), Chow (r= 0.82) and Bransby-Williams (r= 0.73). Considering the lower error of the Bransby-Williams model, this model has sufficient certainty in estimating the concentration time in the basins of the semi-arid region. Therefore, this model can be used in similar sub basins in terms of environmental characteristics.
somayeh karimiasl; Behzad Hessari; kamran zeinalzadeh; Mahdi Erfanian
Abstract
Salmas plain represents one of the most critical areas in the country experiencing subsidence. Identifying the underlying factors contributing to subsidence becomes crucial in mitigating further land sinking. Consequently, this research seeks to investigate the intensity of subsidence in the Selmas plain ...
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Salmas plain represents one of the most critical areas in the country experiencing subsidence. Identifying the underlying factors contributing to subsidence becomes crucial in mitigating further land sinking. Consequently, this research seeks to investigate the intensity of subsidence in the Selmas plain using ArcGIS software and fuzzy logic to analyze the various factors influencing this phenomenon. Initially, comprehensive data on eight factors influencing subsidence, including groundwater level drop, well exploitation flow rate, aquifer storage coefficient, transmissibility coefficient, precipitation, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil texture, and bedrock depth, was collected. Subsequently, raster maps for each factor were extracted at the aquifer level. The standardization of these layers was conducted using fuzzy membership functions, considering the varying impact of each factor on land subsidence. These fuzzy operators (Gamma, OR, AND, SUM, and PRODUCT) were then applied and combined using overlay functions, resulting in a comprehensive unit map representing the subsidence intensity across the region. To determine the most optimal fuzzy-operation based maps, the outcomes were compared with field observation data, and the ROC curve performance index was applied for thorough control and validation. Throughout this process, due consideration was given to the observed subsidence patterns in the plain. The fuzzy OR operation exhibited the lowest overlap with the observed subsidence in the region, boasting an AUC of 0.693. Conversely, the Gamma models demonstrated the highest overlap with the subsidence observed in the plain, with an AUC above 70%. As a result, the Gamma 0.9 model was chosen for this research, presenting an AUC of 0.805. The findings underscore the critical nature of subsidence in the eastern part of the aquifer. Of the total area of Salmas plain, 25%, equivalent to 93 square kilometers, has subsidence with a very high susceptibility.
Naeges Kariminejad; Hamid Reza Pourghasemi; Mohsen Hoseinalizadeh; Vahid Shafaie
Abstract
Introduction:Sinkholes and landslides occur when parts of a soil collapse mainly in more gentle or steeper slopes, which are often triggered by intensive rainfall. Materials and methods:Recent advances in acquiring images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and deep learning (DL) methods inherited from ...
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Introduction:Sinkholes and landslides occur when parts of a soil collapse mainly in more gentle or steeper slopes, which are often triggered by intensive rainfall. Materials and methods:Recent advances in acquiring images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and deep learning (DL) methods inherited from computer vision have made it feasible to propose semi-automated soil landform detection methodologies for large areas at an unprecedented spatial resolution. In this study, we evaluate the potential of two cutting-edge DL segmentation models, the vanilla U-Net model, and the Attention Deep Supervision Multi-Scale U-Net model, applied to UAV-derived products, to map landslides and sinkholes in a semi-arid environment, the “Golestan Province” (north-east Iran)Results and discussion:Results show that our framework can successfully map landslides in a challenging environment (with an F1-score of 69 %), and that topographical derivates from UAV-derived DSM decrease the capacity of mapping sinkholes of the models calibrated with optical data.Conclusions:Since this kind of soil erosion is the main origin of some major soil erosion including gully initiation and extension, applying new technology namely, UAV and deep learning is highly important and recommended.
jamal mosaffaie; Ataollah Ebrahimi; Mahmood Arabkhedri; Parviz Garshasbi; Amin Salehpour Jam; Mahmoudreza Tabatabaei; Hamidreza Peyrowan; Mohammadreza Gharibreza; Mehran Zand; Bagher Ghermez Cheshme
Abstract
For the effective management of watersheds, it is necessary to conduct appropriate and practical research, which in turn requires solving the problems related to this area. This article intends to have an analysis of their problems in the field of soil conservation and watershed management based on common ...
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For the effective management of watersheds, it is necessary to conduct appropriate and practical research, which in turn requires solving the problems related to this area. This article intends to have an analysis of their problems in the field of soil conservation and watershed management based on common thinking with the research and education centers of agriculture and natural resources of the country. For this purpose, these problems were collected based on the request of the SCWMRI from the provincial branches. Then, the announcements were categorized in two organizational and thematic ways (general and partial). The results indicate that in this survey, 25 centers out of 32 provincial centers (78% participation) have announced 182 cases as problems in the research department in the field of soil conservation and watershed management. Thematic classification of the announced cases showed that the subjects of knowledge-based productivity of watershed resources, watershed monitoring and evaluation, and solving the gap in the research department with implementation have the most importance with 28, 26, and 25 cases (15%, 14%, and 13%), respectively. The results of organizational classification also indicate that the departments of the directorate and research departments of watershed management and also hydrology and water resources development have the most importance with 34, 28, and 24 cases (19%, 15%, and 14%), respectively. Based on the results of this research, the managers and decision-makers of the research and implementation departments of soil and watershed protection in the country will be able to have better targeting for their future policies, strategies and actions.
Mohsen Armin; Hamide Zahedikhah; Maleeha Mozayyan
Abstract
Check dams have the largest amount of watershed improvement operations in Iran. Therefore, considering the frequency of construction and as a result the cost of construction, it is necessary to investigate their performance in watersheds to identify their strengths and weaknesses. In this research, the ...
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Check dams have the largest amount of watershed improvement operations in Iran. Therefore, considering the frequency of construction and as a result the cost of construction, it is necessary to investigate their performance in watersheds to identify their strengths and weaknesses. In this research, the evaluation of the placement of check dams has been investigated from the perspective of sedimentation performance in the Nehzatabad watershed in Kohgiluyeh county. For this purpose, after determining the parameters related to the volume of sediments deposited behind 11 selected check dams and calculating their volume, the amount of sediment yield was first measured and then estimated by calculating three different sediment trapping coefficients. Finally, by calculating the sediment delivery ratio, the measured and estimated sediment yield was converted into its equivalent soil loss on the surface in the upstream sub-watershed of the check dams.The results showed that the amount of specific sediment yield measured in check dams is from 0.001 to 1.08 and on average 0.13 tons per hectare per year. Considering the ratio of sediment delivery, which varied from 18 to 51 percent for selected dams, this amount of sediment yield is equivalent to 0.01 to 2.1 and an average of 0.3 tons per hectare per year of soil loss in the upstream sub-watersheds of check dams, which is a very small number compared to the figures presented for the average soil loss in most of Iran's watersheds. Taking into account different coefficients of sediment trapping, the estimated average values for sediment yield in check dams are 2.88, 7.46 and 0.87 tons per hectare per year which are equivalent to 9.41, 30.5, 3.49 tons per hectare per year of soil loss respectively, which compared to the average amount of soil erosion in Iran's watersheds, seem more reasonable and logical numbers.
sahel haghighi; ZeinabY Jafarian; Mohamad Azadbakht; forood sharifi; Reza Tamartash
Abstract
According to the morphological and physiological characteristics of vetiver roots, it can be usedas the most suitable protective wall on the steep and side slopes. For this purpose, this study was carried out on the side slopes of Sangar Dam reservoir in Siahkol city in Gilan province. In this resesrch, ...
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According to the morphological and physiological characteristics of vetiver roots, it can be usedas the most suitable protective wall on the steep and side slopes. For this purpose, this study was carried out on the side slopes of Sangar Dam reservoir in Siahkol city in Gilan province. In this resesrch, soil and Vetiver plant roots were sampled from the depth of 0-50 cm of soil with different degrees of slope of the first surface (30-40 degrees), the second level (40-50 degrees), the third level 60-70 degrees) and four repetitions were done. The results of the research showed that with the increase in the slope, the amount of organic carbon, silt, soil clay, root weigh, Vetiver root extract weight increases. But with the increase in slope, some soil properties such as acidity, salinity, sand, humidity and lime decreases. As a result, there is a significant correlation (p≤0.05) between the soil properties and the amount of root weight and the weight of Vetiver root extract in the slope of the study area.
maryam soleimani parapari azad; Masoud kherkhah zarkesh
Abstract
The rapid growth of cities and the process of industrialization have caused many environmental problems in many parts of the world. It is very important for planners and managers to be aware of the changes in land cover and land use over long periods of time in order to evaluate and predict the problems ...
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The rapid growth of cities and the process of industrialization have caused many environmental problems in many parts of the world. It is very important for planners and managers to be aware of the changes in land cover and land use over long periods of time in order to evaluate and predict the problems caused by these changes. Remote sensing is an effective tool for monitoring land cover changes in urban areas and its surroundings. The city of Tehran has expanded a lot in the last few decades due to the growth and migration of people and has left many effects on the surrounding environment. The purpose of this research is to present a model based on the decision tree algorithm for classifying and monitoring land use changes using TM and MSS sensor images in the west of Tehran between 1975 and 2011.Based on the findings of this research, the overall classification accuracy for 2011 is 81.27%. Also, the results of the monitoring of changes showed that the density of the constructed spaces during the period of 36 years has a positive and increasing trend, and after that other lands have been decreasing. The density of construction spaces in 1975 with an area of 2166.48 hectares, which is equal to 7.71%, has reached 8125.56 hectares, which is 28.93% in 2011. In total, the percentage of its relative changes is 21.22%, equivalent to 5959.08 hectares.
Hasan Nikkhou; Amin Salehpour Jam; Zahra Gerami
Abstract
Today, the natural resources of the country face serious problems and threats such as water scarcity, drought, climate change, water pollution, soil and air pollution, desertification, soil erosion, and issues arising from unsustainable and inappropriate land use practices such as deforestation, destruction ...
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Today, the natural resources of the country face serious problems and threats such as water scarcity, drought, climate change, water pollution, soil and air pollution, desertification, soil erosion, and issues arising from unsustainable and inappropriate land use practices such as deforestation, destruction of rangelands, overgrazing, and unsustainable agriculture. This underscores the urgent need for a more serious focus on the issue of research and sustainable development in the management of the country's natural resources and environment to provide solutions to problems and improve the health and sustainability of the country's ecosystems. Despite the abundance of research articles in the field of watershed management with an emphasis on its technical and managerial aspects published in domestic and international journals, the categorization and thematic analysis of scientific research articles published in domestic journals have received less attention. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the thematic analysis and classification of various types of articles published in the Watershed Engineering and Management Journal, as well as to examine the thematic trends of each category over three five-year periods (from 2009 to 2013 (Volume 1 to 5), 2014 to 2018 (Volume 6 to 10), and 2019 to 2023 (Volume 11 to 15)). Furthermore, this study seeks to examine the frequency of keywords presented in articles published during the aforementioned periods. Additionally, this study examines the perspectives of the faculty members and research experts of the five research groups of the Soil and Watershed Conservation Research Institute regarding submitting articles to the "Watershed Engineering and Management" journal, as well as the quality, characteristics, challenges, and functions of articles published in this journal during the period from 2009 to the end of 2023 (Volume 15, Issue 4).
Mohammad Reza Sheykh Rabiee; Hamid Reza Peyrowan; Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh; Mehry Akbary; Baharak Motamedvaziri
Abstract
Climate change is one of the most important challenges that affects natural ecosystems and different aspects of human life. The effects of global warming on the hydrology and water cycle in nature are very serious, and knowing these effects quantitatively creates more preparation to deal with its consequences. ...
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Climate change is one of the most important challenges that affects natural ecosystems and different aspects of human life. The effects of global warming on the hydrology and water cycle in nature are very serious, and knowing these effects quantitatively creates more preparation to deal with its consequences. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of climate change on the amount of runoff and sediment in the Karganrood watershed in Gilan province in Iran. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated by the SUFI-2 algorithm by improving the simulation results of discharge flow and basin sediment. Then, based on the current data of the Bandar Anzali synoptic station and with the help of CanESM5, MPI-ESM1.2-HR and NorESM2-MM climate models and using the SDSM6.1 microscale model to investigate the effects of climate change on the amount of runoff and sediment and under Two release scenarios named SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 and in three time periods 2026-2050, 2051-2075 and 2076-2100 have been discussed. According to the results of evaluation and validation of climate models using NS, R2 and RMSE; the results showed that the CanESM5 climate model has the lowest error rate and the highest correlation in climate factors. The results of the CanESM5 model indicate that precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature will decrease in all future periods based on SSP2-4.5. Also, the examination of CanESM5 model results in connection with SSP5-8.5 shows that precipitation will decrease in all future periods and the maximum temperature will increase in the period of 2051-2075 and 2076-2100. The results of the SWAT model also showed that the runoff changes for the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios will decrease in all future periods and the sediment changes will increase.
Reza Bayat; majid zanjanijam; Majid Soufi
Abstract
Soil erosion causes soil degradation and reduction of its fertility potential. Gully erosion is one of the accelerated phenomena caused by human developmen programs and one of the important factors of soil degradation, which causes soil lost and sediment production in different climates of Iran. Physical ...
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Soil erosion causes soil degradation and reduction of its fertility potential. Gully erosion is one of the accelerated phenomena caused by human developmen programs and one of the important factors of soil degradation, which causes soil lost and sediment production in different climates of Iran. Physical condition of each region, morphometric characters of each gully, soil, land use, causes of gully erosion and economic damages were recorded. Based on the information obtained, the prioritization of watershed areas for the implementation of watershed management and soil protection operations based on the proposed method of prioritizing indicators of area, length, width to depth, total damage and damage per surface unit according to a score between 0 for no priority and 9 was given the highest priority. First, the value of each factor was divided by the average value of the factor in the province and in ascending order, a score of 0 for the lowest value of the index and a score of 9 for the highest value was assigned to the region, and the priority of the regions was determined separately based on the scores of each index. Then, the total score of the indicators' priorities was calculated, in ascending order, and the highest score was determined as the first priority and the lowest score was determined as the last priority.Soil of gullies has heavy to semi-heavy texture and land use is natural rangeland mostly. Causes of gully erosion are destruction of rangeland vegetation cover and soil erodibility. Economic damage to rangeland due to gully development was more than 3984 million rials. Result of priority control indexes review showed that Aftab Dar, Durchak and QostynRud Regions have high priority of erosion control and Yala-Bad, Dastjerdeh and MoallmeKelayeh areas have lower priority.
Morteza Miri; Mehran Zand; Mohammadreza Kousari; Mojtaba Rahimi
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the spatial-temporal variations of extreme temperature events in Iran. The data used in this study includes the daily average maximum and minimum temperatures from 123 synoptic stations during the observational period from 1988 to 2017. Additionally, it ...
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the spatial-temporal variations of extreme temperature events in Iran. The data used in this study includes the daily average maximum and minimum temperatures from 123 synoptic stations during the observational period from 1988 to 2017. Additionally, it incorporates data from the CNRM-CM6-1 model for 2020 to 2060 under two scenarios: optimistic (SSP126) and pessimistic (SSP585). Calculating extreme warm temperature indices from 1988 to 1977 showed that, in general, for most stations, the frequency and trend of warm indices such as warm nights, warm days, the number of summer days, and the number of tropical nights has been increasing. The analysis of temporal changes in cold index events revealed that, overall, the trend for cold indices such as cold days, cold nights, and the number of frost days has been decreasing for most stations. An analysis of the frequency of the SU25 index event as one of the most common extreme warm indices showed that the highest occurrence of this index was 363 days for the Konarak (airport) station, while the lowest occurrence was 21 days for the Ardabil station. The maximum number of frost days (FD) is 179 days for the Sarab station, while the minimum occurrence is no frost days for some of the southwestern stations in the country. Based on the outputs of the CNRM-CM6-1 model for the ssp126 and ssp585 scenarios during the period 2060-2020, it has been determined that the trend of warm extremes in regions with higher elevations and latitudes does not differ significantly compared to regions with lower elevations and latitudes. Based on the findings from this study and similar research, it can be stated that Iran’s warm temperature extremes have increased over past and future periods, while extreme cold events in Iran are decreasing.
sara Heshmati; bijan nazari; Mohammadreza Nikoo
Abstract
Climate change and human activities are the two main factors in the change of runoff. The purpose of this research is to determine the contribution of each of the factors of climate change and human activities on the changes in the runoff of Qazvin plain. The evaluation of the trend in the annual amounts ...
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Climate change and human activities are the two main factors in the change of runoff. The purpose of this research is to determine the contribution of each of the factors of climate change and human activities on the changes in the runoff of Qazvin plain. The evaluation of the trend in the annual amounts of precipitation, runoff, air temperature, and evaporation and transpiration potential from 1369 to 1397 was determined by the Mann-Kendall test, the results showed that the runoff showed a decreasing trend at a significant level of 0.01; While the average annual air temperature was at a significant level of 0.1 and evaporation and transpiration potential was increasing at a significant level of 0.1. Despite the decrease in average annual precipitation at the basin level, there was no significant statistical trend of precipitation.Next, in order to determine the point of change in the amount of runoff, Pettit's test was used, the results showed that the change point in the annual runoff series is in 1375 based on Pettit's test and the double cumulative curve method of precipitation-runoff, then using the sensitivity analysis method Hydrologically, based on the Boudico-Zhang hypothesis, the evaluated effects of human activities and climate change on runoff changes were investigated. The results showed that the percentage of influence of climate change and human activities is (-21 mm equivalent to -161.2 percent and 0.08 mm equivalent to 61.2 percent) respectively.
Banafshe Yasrebi; Mehri Dinarvand
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of pitting construction on the restoration of native vegetation in degraded lands and dust emission hotspots in southern Khuzestan province, located in Bandar Mahshahr city.Transect-quadrat method was used to investigate changes in vegetation cover. ...
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of pitting construction on the restoration of native vegetation in degraded lands and dust emission hotspots in southern Khuzestan province, located in Bandar Mahshahr city.Transect-quadrat method was used to investigate changes in vegetation cover. First, randomly in the middle of the implementation area, two transects were taken in opposite directions and perpendicular to the rows of pitting, and 15 plots were considered on each transect. And in total, the canopy cover and plant species were measured in 30 plots in the pittings and 30 plots in between the pitting rows as a control area. In order to compare the vegetation established in pittings and control areas, in addition to canopy and species density, non-parametric indicators of richness and diversity of vegetation were calculated using Past software. In order to investigate the impact of pitting construction on the soil of the region, a total of 60 soil samples from pitting and control areas were taken at three depths of 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm, and organic carbon, salinity, and moisture were measured in the laboratory. became. Unpaired t-test was used to check the existence of a significant difference between the vegetation cover and the characteristics of the soil samples in the pitting and control fields after performing the normality test.The results show that in the pitting areas, the species density has increased by 81%, the canopy cover by 14 times, the
Mohammadreza Kousari; forood sharifi
Abstract
One of the main challenge of water resources management in the Iran is the lack of sufficient water level and discharge data from the watersheds. This is more serious for small watersheds. Meanwhile, the use of water level data-loggers devices can significantly reduce the problems of collecting surface ...
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One of the main challenge of water resources management in the Iran is the lack of sufficient water level and discharge data from the watersheds. This is more serious for small watersheds. Meanwhile, the use of water level data-loggers devices can significantly reduce the problems of collecting surface and groundwater resources. Several methods have been developed for this purpose, which can be divided into two main procedures: contact and non-contact (depending on the sensor in direct contact with water or out of water). The use of non-contact methods, if they have good accuracy, have the advantage of stable water conditions, especially water density, as well as longer useful life. One non-contact method of measuring distance changes is application of infrared sensors. Therefore, in this paper, the ability to measure water level changes using the Sharp infrared module model GP2Y0A21YK0F was investigated. This module is inexpensive and, compared to other non-contact sensors, uses a triangular method to detect distances, so the reflection variability of objects, ambient temperature, and reflection time have no effect on sensor performance. However, due to the need for an impenetrable light-absorbing surface, this method was combined with the old method of using floats on the water surface. The results show that the mentioned sensor estimates the water level changes in the environment with an error of 2 cm. By increasing the range of the minimum measurement range of the sensor from 20 to 30 cm, the measurement error is reduced to 1.34 cm. It should be noted that when used in flooded environments, it is associated with several problems. Therefore, it is not recommended to measure the water level inside flood canals, and to increase the capability of this device, the use of other sensors such as pressure or ultrasonic sensors should be considered.
Omid Rahmati; Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour; Bagher Ghermez Cheshme
Abstract
Extended AbstractIntroduction:Floods cause financial losses and many casualties in Iran every year and have harmful effects on the sustainable development of the watershed. The purpose of this research is to develop a scientific framework for evaluating the flood vulnerability situation in Zarineh watershed.Materials ...
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Extended AbstractIntroduction:Floods cause financial losses and many casualties in Iran every year and have harmful effects on the sustainable development of the watershed. The purpose of this research is to develop a scientific framework for evaluating the flood vulnerability situation in Zarineh watershed.Materials and methods:In this research, various components including social, economic, organizational and infrastructural were considered to formulate the framework for assessing the watershed vulnerability to floods. Then, the total vulnerability index was calculated for each village and after its standardization at the scale of Zarineh watershed, it was classified into five different groups: very low, low, medium, high and very high. Finally, the vulnerability index map of the entire Zarineh watershed was produced.Results and discussion:Based on the total vulnerability index map, it can be stated that Chehlcheshmeh, Golchidar, and Obatu districts were the most vulnerable, and Boyen, Namashir, and Zolfaghar districts had the lowest total vulnerability index.Conclusions:Based on the findings of this research, the framework based on social, economic, organizational, and infrastructural conditions has made it possible to prepare a flood vulnerability map of the watershed. The variables considered in the calculation of the total vulnerability index are selected in such a way that they cover different aspects and their information can be collected. The vulnerability map of Zarineh watershed has provided useful information for decision makers and managers in flood management. Improving the condition of different parts of the Zarineh watershed requires detailed planning of the executive bodies in accordance with their social, economic, organizational, and infrastructural conditions.
Majid Mohammady; Mojtaba Amiri
Abstract
Erosion is often capable of causing several on-site and off-site impacts. Erosion is common in hilly areas, but their severity will vary depending on the geoenvironmental factors including, Steep sloping, geological characteristics, vegetation and climatic factors making it more vulnerable to erosion. ...
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Erosion is often capable of causing several on-site and off-site impacts. Erosion is common in hilly areas, but their severity will vary depending on the geoenvironmental factors including, Steep sloping, geological characteristics, vegetation and climatic factors making it more vulnerable to erosion. Firozkuh watershed was selected as study area because in this watershed, badlands are the most important contributors to soil erosion because of the condition of climatic, hydrologic, topographic, and reduced vegetation conditions, and as well as presence of susceptible soil and geology formations in this region. The first step in this research is to prepare distribution map of the badlands and determine their location on the map. The maps of condiioning factors were prepared and entered into the GIS environment. After classifying conditioning factors maps, the weight of each map was calculated using the frequency ration model. In the next step, by combining the weights, the final badland erosion susceptibility map was prepared. The ROC curve and the area under the curve were used to assess the accuracy of the frequency ratio models. The results showed that the highest weight of the frequency ratio is related to the elevation class of 1710 to 2286 meters, rainfall 400 to 550, slope more than 35, northwest aspect, distance less than 1150 meters from drainage network, marl, limestone and shale formations, ranglands, Convex and concave slopes, clay 25 to 33%, silt 27 to 35%, hydrological group C, soil depth 57 to 120 cm, pH 7.6 to 1.8, TWI class 6 to 11. The area under the ROC curve was 0.71 that showed frequency ratio model is acceptable for badland erosion susceptibility mapping in the Firozkuh watershed. Despite its simplicity, the freqency ratio model provides acceptable results due to the creation of a logical connection between the badlands and conditioning factors.
Abdorreza Vaezihir; Fatemeh Safari
Abstract
Goijeh Bel study area, located 10 km southwest of Ahar city, has unconfined aquifers in young alluviums and riverbed sediments. It includes alluvial and fractured rock aquifers in non-alluvial lithological units with secondary porosity. Springs in Goijeh Bel basin primarily emerge from fractured rock, ...
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Goijeh Bel study area, located 10 km southwest of Ahar city, has unconfined aquifers in young alluviums and riverbed sediments. It includes alluvial and fractured rock aquifers in non-alluvial lithological units with secondary porosity. Springs in Goijeh Bel basin primarily emerge from fractured rock, with a concentration in the central and northern parts of the basin, indicating the presence of developed aquifers in these areas. Due to overexploitation and depletion of alluvial resources, the focus has shifted towards utilizing fractured rock water sources in the GoijehBel basin. With a significant percentage of outcrops consisting of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary formations, along with adequate rainfall (342.2 mm annually), the basin has the potential for groundwater storage and movement through fractured media. To determine the potential of groundwater resources, various information layers such as lithology, line density, elevation difference, humidity index, slope, watercourse density, slope direction, and vegetation index were utilized to create zoning maps. AHP, weighted overlay, and OWA methods were employed to analyze the degree of overlay and generate potential maps. According to the zoning map, the southwestern part of the basin has a high potential for groundwater resources. Examining the relationship between the number of springs and wells and areas with the potential of different water resources and the compliance of about 50% of the springs showed that the potential map with the OWA method has the most conformity with the location of the springs. Also, the quality of the groundwater resources of the area has been investigated and the results showed an increase in salinity from the heights towards the center and outlet of the basin. The EC value varies from 310 to 1444 ms/cm. Groundwater in the area have good quality for drinking due to the absence of saline formations like salt, clay, and marl units
yahya parvizi; Zahra Gerami
Abstract
Estimates made in the country indicate the annual waste of about one billion cubic meters of soil from the country's land resources. Although the economic valuation of this volume of soil resource loss is difficult, but considering the fragile balance of ecosystems in the country's land resources, it ...
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Estimates made in the country indicate the annual waste of about one billion cubic meters of soil from the country's land resources. Although the economic valuation of this volume of soil resource loss is difficult, but considering the fragile balance of ecosystems in the country's land resources, it is possible to predict what irreparable and irreversible loss this volume of resource loss will bring to the production capacity and operation of these resources. shows Part of this soil loss is compensated and replaced by soil formation processes, and as long as the rate of erosion does not exceed the rate of soil formation, it is considered a kind of natural and inevitable process. Knowing the rate of natural replacement is necessary to monitor the changes in the quality and quantity of this natural resource and to know the process of its deterioration or recovery. On the other hand, every year, large amounts of the country's financial resources are spent on watershed management measures. Meanwhile, there is no quantitative regional standard for the design of these measures, as well as a practical guideline for evaluating the effectiveness of these measures. This standard, as well as the quantity of soil regeneration and renewability, is known in the world as tolerable soil erosion. In this article, a summary of the formation of this concept in soil science, factors affecting the value of T, as well as its calculation methods are introduced and evaluated. Also, a summary of research has been done and their results related to tolerable erosion and familiarization with different methods in this field, suggestions and research needs and optimal solutions for estimating tolerable erosion for the conditions of the country have been introduced.
Seyed Ahmad Hosseini; Ahmad Tabatabaei
Abstract
AbstractCorrect estimation of the suspended sediment content of rivers plays an important role in studies of erosion and sediment, hydrology, and watershed management. Simulation of suspended sediment in hydrological systems with a high degree of uncertainty and yet, our understanding of the components ...
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AbstractCorrect estimation of the suspended sediment content of rivers plays an important role in studies of erosion and sediment, hydrology, and watershed management. Simulation of suspended sediment in hydrological systems with a high degree of uncertainty and yet, our understanding of the components and processes within them is faced with uncertainties, causing many applications of intelligent models, including artificial neural networks. However, the use of these intelligent models is also facing challenges. Determining the appropriate network structure requires optimizing the parameters used (such as the optimal number of neurons and layers, weight and bias, and the type of activation functions) so that their proper calibration by trial and error, while low efficiency, results in time-consuming. In the present study, in order to simulate the daily suspended sediment load in selected watersheds of Ardabil province, including the Sarab Gharasu watershed (Ghorchai and Hirchai Rivers), a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network was used. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to train the neural network model, in addition to the conventional error propagation method, and to optimize the weight and bias values of neural network model neurons. Also, the self-organizing map clustering method was used to increase the generalization power of the models. The results of the present study showed that training of neural network models with the PSO algorithm in all selected rivers was more efficient than neural network models which use only the error propagation method. Since evolutionary algorithms (such as PSO algorithm) can provide suitable solutions for the optimization of neural network parameters, their application in training neural network models can be a good solution to improve the efficiency of smart models in simulating suspended sediment of rivers and using its results in the progress of watershed structures and water resources operations.
Pouya Allahverdipour; Yaghob Dinpashoh
Abstract
A significant portion of precipitation in the hydrologic cycle is converted into runoff due to the characteristics of watersheds. Considering the problem that the Lake Urmia Basin is going to be shirinkage, it is important to identify the water resources of this basin and its sub-basins.Ajichai basin, ...
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A significant portion of precipitation in the hydrologic cycle is converted into runoff due to the characteristics of watersheds. Considering the problem that the Lake Urmia Basin is going to be shirinkage, it is important to identify the water resources of this basin and its sub-basins.Ajichai basin, is one of the sub-basins of Lake Urmia. In this study, rainfall data of Tabriz synoptic station and runoff data of Nahand hydrometric station is used. The aim of this research is to model the daily rainfall-runoff of the Ajichai basin using intelligent machine learning models including the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Random Forest (RF). 70% of the data was used for training and 30% of the data was used for testing the models. Statistical measures of Coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Wilmot Index (WI) were used to evaluate the performance of the models.The results of this research showed that all the models had a very good performance in simulating the rainfall-runoff in the Ajichai basin. According to the obtained results, the GEP model with R2=0.84, RMSE=0.024m3.s-1, NSE=0.864 and WI=0.968 is the most accurate one in modeling rainfall-runoff of Ajichai basin. Based on the scatter plots and time series, the GEP model was more accurate than other models in modeling the rainfall-runoff values of this basin with high correlation.According to the results, all the investigated models had good capabilities in modeling the daily rainfall-runoff in the Ajichai basin. The results of this research show the very reasonable performance of machine learning models in rainfall-runoff modeling. In general, due to the high accuracy of intelligent models, especially the GEP model in predicting daily rainfall-runoff, it is recommended to use these methods in hydrological problems.
Maryam Sadat Jaafarzadeh; Ebrahim Karimi Sangchini
Abstract
Watershed management measures are carried out to maintain or restore the ecosystem function of watersheds by reducing the effects of events such as floods, landslides, erosion, etc. downstream and increasing the productivity of existing resources and improving local livelihoods. These measures become ...
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Watershed management measures are carried out to maintain or restore the ecosystem function of watersheds by reducing the effects of events such as floods, landslides, erosion, etc. downstream and increasing the productivity of existing resources and improving local livelihoods. These measures become effective when they identify and restore or strengthen areas of high ecological value that must be protected from destruction or conversion to other uses. In this study, the effectiveness of some of the latest watershed management plans implemented in different watersheds in Iran (the effectiveness of watershed measures in Behshahr-Galoogah watershed, Maragheh watershed - Markazi province, Khaveh-Delijan watershed, Asiaborud watershed in Chalus city and Faryab-Golashgerd watershed- Kerman province) and the state of the water resources were discussed according to the latest available documents. Each of these projects and the positive and negative results were considered. The results of the implementation of watershed measures in Behshahr-Galoogah watershed indicated that in the sub-basins where the measures were constructed as a combination of different structures compared to the streams regime, it was effective in reducing the peak discharge of runoff and increasing the concentration time. In sub-basins with few check dams, according to sub-basins area and the long length of the streams, these check dams did not cause a significant reduction in streams length, changing the concentration time and peak discharge of runoff, but stabilized streams longitudinal profile. Based on the findings of the effectiveness of watershed measures in Maragheh watershed-Markazi Province, specific erosion and specific sediment, before and after the implementation of watershed measures were evaluated 10.78 and 3.14 (Ton/km2), 3.1 and 66. 9 (Ton/km2) respectively. Also, the ratio of profit and cost evaluated 0.9, which is multiplied during the years of implementation so, it is higher than one, which indicates the economic efficiency of the project.
Fatemeh Vatanparast Ghaleh Juq; Bromand Salahi
Abstract
The severity and frequency of droughts become more complicated with the occurrence of climate change and is an important issue in the agriculture and water resources sector. The current research was conducted to predict drought in Ardabil, Ahar, Parsabad, Jolfa, Khoi, and Mako stations located in the ...
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The severity and frequency of droughts become more complicated with the occurrence of climate change and is an important issue in the agriculture and water resources sector. The current research was conducted to predict drought in Ardabil, Ahar, Parsabad, Jolfa, Khoi, and Mako stations located in the Aras basin. For this purpose, the output of the CMIP6 general circulation model was predicted under the scenarios (SSP1-2.6), (SSP2-4.5), and (SSP5-8.5) for the precipitation data of 2024-2043. Then, using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), drought characteristics on an annual scale during the base period (1985-2014) were measured with the future period. Validation of the model was done using R2, RMSE, MAE, MSE, and NSE indices. The results of the analysis of statistical indicators showed that the CanESM5 model has an acceptable ability to simulate precipitation. The forecasting results based on the CanESM5 model for the coming years showed that the severity of drought under all three scenarios will increase compared to the base period, which is caused by the consequences of climate change in the studied area. Also, the output of drought monitoring based on the SPI index showed that in the pessimistic scenario of SSP5-8.5, the number and intensity of droughts are more than the average and optimistic scenarios. The values of the SPI index for 2000-2020 in terms of drought-free areas obtained from TCI and VCI indices extracted from satellite images in the Google Earth Engine system showed that in all stations there is the highest correlation coefficient between the SPI and VCI index, which indicates the ability of the index VCI is to show the drought situation in Aras watershed.
Mahjabin Radaei; Esmaeil Salehi
Abstract
In the transition from an introverted traditional society to an extroverted modern one, many places cannot remain resilient and sustainable against the tensions of modernity and the conflicts of dominant culture. The effort to create reliable, safe, economic, and resilient infrastructure in the face ...
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In the transition from an introverted traditional society to an extroverted modern one, many places cannot remain resilient and sustainable against the tensions of modernity and the conflicts of dominant culture. The effort to create reliable, safe, economic, and resilient infrastructure in the face of climatic hazards is an undeniable principle of the present era. Ancient hydraulic structures represent a legacy containing successful management solutions for sustainability and resilience against harsh ecological conditions. Therefore, deriving insights from ancient thought on the human-nature relationship and nature-based solutions can enhance the resilience of contemporary cities in confronting natural and human crises. This study offers a descriptive-analytical examination aimed at analyzing the drainage system pattern of Tuancheng in ancient China to achieve urban flood resilience. Based on a deductive-comparative method, the structural-functional principles governing the Tuancheng drainage system, as an ancient flood management experience, were compared with modern practices at multiple scales, leading to the development of an applicable pattern for resilience against flooding and water resource management. The results indicate that the manifestation of ecological wisdom principles through various policies and strategies, such as conservative plans, enhancing permeability, runoff storage, runoff transfer, water filtration, and landscaping at multiple structural-functional scales, can provide a fundamental pattern for achieving sponge cities that are resilient to floods. This represents an idea rooted in environmental civilization capable of mitigating of urban development on natural ecosystems, combining green-blue and gray infrastructures that aim to solve water crises in contemporary cities.
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