Watershed Engineering and Management

Evaluating the amount of consumed water based on the analysis of water productivity and groundwater information, case study: Basht Aquifer

majid khazayi; Iman Saleh; reza bayat; Shokr allah Absallan

Volume 16, Issue 2 , July 2024, Pages 170-184

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2023.360259.1994

Abstract

Introduction The role of water in agricultural development and economic growth is undeniable. The imbalance between water supply and demand in Iran has created a challenge for the management of water resources, especially in agriculture. Paying serious attention to water productivity and improving it ... Read More Introduction The role of water in agricultural development and economic growth is undeniable. The imbalance between water supply and demand in Iran has created a challenge for the management of water resources, especially in agriculture. Paying serious attention to water productivity and improving it through appropriate methods and policies is one of the most effective solutions to address the water crisis and enhance the quantity and quality of agricultural production. The concept of water productivity is to produce the best and most products with the least amount of water. Agricultural water productivity has received serious attention in recent years from scientific societies related to irrigation and agriculture. The variation in water productivity for different crops at the local level and in comparison with other countries with similar climatic conditions indicates the potential for increasing agricultural water productivity. In the present research, the productivity of agricultural and horticultural products was investigated through field surveys, field measurements, and remote sensing analyses. Materials and methods First, the status of water resources in the aquifer, including changes in groundwater levels and programmable water, was investigated. Then, the water consumption of agricultural plants was calculated using the difference between effective rainfall and plant water requirement (evaporation-transpiration). In the next step, the cultivated area of Basht Aquifer was examined using Sentinel-2 satellite images in Google Earth Engine software. Yield, dates of planting and harvesting, and irrigation times for agricultural products were verified through questionnaires completed by farmers and experts. After that, the water requirement of the current cultivation pattern was calculated using the FAO Penman-Monteith method. Finally, the productivity of different products was determined by evaluating the products in terms of productivity. Results and discussion The area of the alluvial aquifer was 45.5 km², with an average length of about 25 km and a width of 5 km. The total volume of discharge and extraction from groundwater resources was 39.723 MCM. The infiltration amount of the Basht alluvial aquifer was calculated to be 7.905 MCM. By joining the outflow streams, including transfer streams through different elevations, the aquifer was recharged with a total of 20.377 MCM. Calculations using the FAO Penman-Monteith method showed that the water requirements of the dominant crops in the aquifer, including citrus fruits, wheat, barley, corn, canola, watermelon, rice, legumes, and alfalfa, were 9170, 5630, 4821, 7863, 5411, 9291, 20234, 5225, and 14083 m³, respectively. In total, the amount of water consumed by the agricultural products of Basht Aquifer was nearly 45 MCM, which was approximately equivalent to 1 m³m⁻² of the cultivated area. This is 2.64 times higher than the amount of water that can be programmed for agriculture (17 MCM). Conclusion The cultivation pattern will be influenced by parameters such as the climatic compatibility of products, the potentials of water and soil resources, regional needs, customs and interests of local people, and economic evaluation and income from production. Any change in the cultivation pattern should consider all social, economic, and environmental factors. However, given the existing conditions of the water sources, any cultivation pattern (even those considering high income) that increases discharge compared to the aquifer's recharge sources will be dangerous for future sustainability and will cause groundwater salinization and aquifer subsidence. Cultivation of high water-consumption plants such as seed corn should be stopped due to the severe water conditions of the region, and more investment should be made in developing crops such as canola, which are better adapted to the region's climate.

Organization of Lashtaghan shrimp breeding site with HEC-RAS two-dimensional model

shabnam vakili; mahmoud erhami; hossein baghdadi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , July 2024, Pages 185-200

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2023.362273.2022

Abstract

Introduction The main purpose of this research is to identify the behavior of rivers in the area of Lashtghan shrimp breeding site and to provide technical solutions to organize and prevent flood risks there. Materials and methods In this study, HEC-RAS was used to perform hydraulic flow calculations ... Read More Introduction The main purpose of this research is to identify the behavior of rivers in the area of Lashtghan shrimp breeding site and to provide technical solutions to organize and prevent flood risks there. Materials and methods In this study, HEC-RAS was used to perform hydraulic flow calculations based on unsteady flow. Calculations were done with changes in flood flow with different return periods. To determine the flood zone for the 25-year return period, the water height was transferred to ArcGIS. Using the HEC-Geo-RAS extension, the flood zone was determined in ArcGIS. To present the proposed natural bed line, satellite images at different time intervals were analyzed and the proposed bed line was extracted after verifying the flood zone with these images. The amount of technical protection was calculated using the DLSRS (Discharge Location Stability Regime Social Tension) method. The flood return period for the design was considered to be 100 years, based on economic, social, and climatic conditions. Considering the project's purpose, domain of usage, and technical and economic conditions, an earthen dike was selected for the land protection plan against floods. In Civil 3D software, the protective dike project line was defined and, according to the 100-year flood water level, the protective dike was designed. Results and discussion The boundary for modeling the flow of rivers and canals leading to the Lashtghan site was established upstream of the hydrograph and downstream of the water level (2.9 meters, or 76% of the duration of the course is less than this value), based on justification studies. The observed minimum height is approximately 0.65 meters, the maximum height is 5.7 meters, and the average height is approximately 1.6 meters; these measurements are insufficient to ascertain the height of the dike. The height reached its highest and lowest values every six hours. In the northern region of the site, the maximum water level, maximum flow depth, and maximum flow speed were more apparent. The water level fluctuated between 1.2 and 35 meters, the maximum flow depth increased from 0.001 to 40 meters, and the maximum flow velocity improved from 0.00033 to 1.8 meters per second. Conclusion The model output included characteristics of the maximum flow level, depth of flow, and maximum flow velocity in the study area. It was observed that the built dike has no effect on the surrounding residential areas. Due to the topography, the earthen dike acts like a reservoir in some places, preventing downstream flow and storing water behind the dike. This reservoir has a volume of about 3 million cubic meters for a 100-year return period flood. By constructing a borrow pit near the dike, a significant part of the water can be transferred downstream. Finally, the height of the dike, the slope of the body, and the width of its crown were calculated, with the cost estimated at 72,925,000,000 million Rials.

Indicators of soil structure stability and soil permeability affected by soil management and protection operations in Rezin watershed of Kermanshah Province

Yayah Parvizi; Zahra Gerami; Mahmood Arabkhedri

Volume 16, Issue 2 , July 2024, Pages 201-223

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2023.362440.2023

Abstract

Introduction The degradation of soil structure and reduced water infiltration into the soil are indicators of soil degradation, which lead to decreased stability and production quality, as well as environmental problems. Soil conservation methods are widely used to curb soil degradation processes and ... Read More Introduction The degradation of soil structure and reduced water infiltration into the soil are indicators of soil degradation, which lead to decreased stability and production quality, as well as environmental problems. Soil conservation methods are widely used to curb soil degradation processes and improve soil structure and permeability. The effectiveness of these methods in enhancing these indicators and controlling soil degradation requires further study and evaluation. This research aims to investigate the stability of soil structure and soil infiltration rate affected by various soil management and conservation operations, and to compare them in the Razin Watershed area of Kermanshah Province. Materials and methods For this purpose, eight common reclamation and conservation operations in the study area were selected and evaluated. These operations include pit-seeding and seeding, rangeland audit plan - conversion of dryfarming to rangeland, rangeland audit plan - conversion of dryfarming to forage cultivation, almond tree planting alongside digging holes, land leveling, seedling planting, conversion of dryfarming to rangeland, forage cultivation and orchard, and forest area. For evaluation, random systematic sampling points were selected within the area of each operation and their corresponding control area for study and sampling. After digging profiles and sampling the soil, the laboratory measured and calculated soil aggregate stability indices, including Mean Weight Diameter (MWD), Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD), and the proportion of stable aggregates larger than 0.25 mm (WSA>0.25). The final infiltration rate was also measured in the operation areas and their controls using a disc infiltrometer. Finally, a statistical comparison of the mean values of MWD, GMD, WSA>0.25, and final infiltration rate in soil conservation operations and their control areas was performed using the T-test for independent samples and the Duncan test for comparing the means of these indices in various operations using SPSS software. Results and discussion The evaluation results showed that the lowest MWD index was related to land leveling and sapling planting at 0.15 and 0.35 mm, respectively, while the highest values at 1.9, 1.8, and 1.6 mm were related to 20-year-old almond planting, 10-year-old almond planting, and forest areas, respectively. Additionally, the highest WSA>0.25 index values were found in fodder cultivation, orchard establishment, and 10-year-old almond planting operations, indicating the formation of large and stable aggregates due to conservation operations. Among the eight operations studied, the 20-year-old almond planting operation showed the greatest improvements in MWD and WSA>0.25 indices. The results for the final infiltration rate indicated that soil conservation operations, particularly converting low-yield rain-fed lands to sapling planting and changing rangeland use to 10-year-old almond planting, led to the highest increases in final infiltration rate, at 21.8% and 16%, respectively, compared to the control. Conclusion Overall, soil conservation operations increased the relative share of larger soil aggregates. However, the soil infiltration rate index showed conflicting results, as factors other than the evaluated conservation operations also influenced water infiltration into the soil, necessitating further studies. Consequently, examining the role of management, especially land use management, is essential for sustainable soil resource utilization.

Evaluation of VIC Hydrological Model in Runoff Simulation using Climatic Precipitation Datasets, case study: Hableroud Watershed

Hossein Salehi; Saeid Gharechelou; Saeed Golian; Mohammad Reza Ranjbari; Emad Mahjoobi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , July 2024, Pages 224-243

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2023.362817.2027

Abstract

Introduction The rapid growth of the global population has led to a significant surge in water consumption across various sectors such as agriculture, industry, and domestic use. This heightened demand for water has profound implications, particularly in ensuring food security, meeting industrial needs, ... Read More Introduction The rapid growth of the global population has led to a significant surge in water consumption across various sectors such as agriculture, industry, and domestic use. This heightened demand for water has profound implications, particularly in ensuring food security, meeting industrial needs, and providing safe drinking water. However, alongside this population growth, climate change has emerged as a critical factor, altering precipitation patterns and exacerbating water scarcity issues. In response to these challenges, there is a growing need to identify and manage accessible water resources effectively. This involves understanding the complex interactions between different components of the hydrological cycle, including surface water, groundwater, soil moisture, and atmospheric water. Hydrological models have emerged as valuable tools in this regard, offering insights into water availability, flow patterns, and quality assessment. These models play a crucial role in various aspects of water resource management, including mitigating environmental impacts, managing floods, and predicting future water stress scenarios. Additionally, they facilitate the analysis of watershed-scale dynamics and provide a basis for informed decision-making. Global Hydrological Models (GHMs) have gained prominence due to their ability to capture the interconnectedness of water systems across different regions. They enable researchers to assess and predict hydrological processes on a large scale, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of water resource dynamics. Recent studies have focused on evaluating the performance of hydrological models, such as the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, in simulating river discharge, soil moisture, and precipitation patterns. These evaluations often utilize various data sources, including satellite imagery, to validate model outputs and improve their accuracy. Moreover, the integration of advanced optimization algorithms, such as NSGA-II, enhances the modeling process by optimizing model parameters and improving simulation results. In light of limited ground station data in extensive watersheds, researchers increasingly rely on long-term weather data and modeling techniques to bridge data gaps and improve the accuracy of hydrological predictions. Overall, ongoing research efforts aim to refine hydrological modeling approaches, integrate diverse data sources, and develop robust strategies for sustainable water resource management in the face of growing population pressures and climate uncertainties. Materials and methods The Heblehroud Watershed, situated in the southern part of the Central Alborz mountain range, covers approximately 326,991 hectares and lies between coordinates 52° 13' to 53° 13' East longitude and 35° 17' to 35° 58' North latitude. It spans across Tehran, Mazandaran, and Semnan provinces. Mount Sefidab, with an elevation of 4047 meters, marks its highest point. The region features a semi-arid climate, receiving 272 mm of annual rainfall predominantly in winter and spring. The Heblehroud River, originating from the northern mountains, serves as the main drainage outlet. The semi-distributed hydrological model (VIC) was employed in this study to optimize the coefficient of efficiency (KGE) in simulating runoff on daily and monthly scales in the state of water balance. The study validated the VIC model using data from the Bonekooh station and applied the NSGA-II optimization algorithm to calibrate soil parameters from 1992 to 1996, considering the impact of watershed management. Soil data were obtained from the HWSD database available on the FAO website and categorized into 36 classes based on physical and chemical soil properties. Land cover data were sourced from the MODIS satellite database and classified into 17 categories according to the IGBP standard. Elevational bands are crucial in the VIC hydrological model for assessing soil water pressure distribution and surface runoff. In the Heblehroud basin, elevation differences can reach several thousand meters, impacting flow estimation. Therefore, using elevation bands derived from SRTM data is essential for accurate simulation. The accuracy of precipitation data from each database at the cell scale was evaluated using the IDW method. Results and discussion The results indicated that the APHRODITE database had the highest accuracy, while PERSIANN-CDR had the lowest. Additionally, the runoff simulation results demonstrated that the VIC hydrological model performed well in simulating daily and monthly runoff. The KGE efficiency index for simulated daily runoff was 0.78 during the calibration period and 0.76 during the validation period. Evaluating the simulated runoff using climatic precipitation data revealed that PERSIANN-CDR satellite precipitation data was less accurate in detecting precipitation amounts but performed better in simulating runoff. The KGE for this data on a daily scale was 0.64 during the calibration period and 0.77 during the validation period. The KGE index for APHRODITE precipitation data based on ground stations ranked second, with values of 0.62 and 0.75 during the calibration and validation periods, respectively. ERA5-Land precipitation data, which is reanalyzed data, ranked third with a KGE index of 0.50 during the calibration period and 0.66 during the validation period. Conclusions These findings indicate that climatic precipitation data can be effectively utilized in watershed management studies with low cost and appropriate accuracy, particularly in basins lacking a regular network or long-term data availability.

Evaluating the status of NGOs before and after implementation of natural resources new plans, case study: Yazdanabad Watershed, Kerman Province

Alijan Abkar; hamzeh saeediyan

Volume 16, Issue 2 , July 2024, Pages 244-261

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2023.363047.2030

Abstract

Introduction The involvement of people in the implementation of natural resource schemes ensures the success of these initiatives and can be very beneficial for the natural resources available in watersheds and stakeholders. Public participation in the implementation of natural resources operations ... Read More Introduction The involvement of people in the implementation of natural resource schemes ensures the success of these initiatives and can be very beneficial for the natural resources available in watersheds and stakeholders. Public participation in the implementation of natural resources operations is crucial for achieving the goals and success of these projects. Emphasizing public participation in the conservation of natural resources is of great importance and credibility. Natural resources are an integral pillar of human life, and plans are developed and implemented to improve the environmental and social conditions of socio-ecological systems. Given that this research is focused on desert watersheds, the unique conditions of these watersheds are considered outstanding features of this study. This emphasis highlights the value and importance of people's organizations in desert areas, which usually have smaller populations compared to other climates. It also underscores the necessity of public participation for the success of natural resource projects across different climates in watersheds nationwide. Without public participation, the success of these projects, despite all environmental conditions, is very low. Materials and method In this study, the number of cooperative companies, rural development committees, micro funds, and rural funds in the entire Yazdanabad watershed was obtained. The distribution of different villages in the Yazdanabad watershed was then identified, and the activities implemented in them were investigated. Subsequently, meetings held by the PRA method in the villages of the Yazdanabad watershed were studied, and a comparison of NGOs before and after the implementation of the comprehensive natural resources management plan was carried out and analyzed. Results and discussion The results showed that there are 3 cooperative companies and 4 rural funds in the Yazdanabad watershed, and 16 development committees are active in this area. Almost every village has a development committee, and there are also 2 micro funds in the Yazdanabad watershed. The implementation of natural resources projects has a significant impact on the stakeholders of the watersheds, especially in desert areas, provided that people are the main basis of the implementation of this plan. By encouraging and modeling, 100% participation can be achieved to ensure the success of such projects. The results of natural resources plans before and after their implementation showed that these plans greatly impact people's livelihoods and the sustainable conservation of natural resources. People who are more aware of their natural resources are better able to protect them in their watershed without government assistance. The wide range of natural areas and the lack of human resources have caused the country's forests, rangelands, and watershed management organizations, as the main authorities and custodians of these fields, to have limited influence in all areas. This has led people to spontaneously meet their needs by forming and joining NGOs. Conclusion Moreover, the research results showed that the most common executive activities in all villages located in the Yazdanabad watershed were the formation of rural development committees and holding meetings regarding natural resources laws and regulations.

Evaluation of TOPKAPI-X distributed hydrological model in simulating daily discharge in Gamasiab Basin

mohammad mahdi artimani; Hossein Zeinivand; Nasser Tahmasebipour

Volume 16, Issue 2 , July 2024, Pages 262-278

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.363746.2035

Abstract

Introduction Due to the heterogeneity in watersheds and the non-linearity of hydrological behaviors, it is very complicated and difficult to fully understand the relationships within watersheds. Therefore, in evaluating these systems, a modeling process is necessary. Over the last few decades, hydrological/hydraulic ... Read More Introduction Due to the heterogeneity in watersheds and the non-linearity of hydrological behaviors, it is very complicated and difficult to fully understand the relationships within watersheds. Therefore, in evaluating these systems, a modeling process is necessary. Over the last few decades, hydrological/hydraulic models have become essential in hydrology studies due to the development of programming languages and the provision of optimal and efficient algorithms for solving differential problems. The application of rainfall-runoff simulation models for flood events has been extensively studied by researchers in the field of water and soil protection, leading to the development of various models to simulate rainfall-runoff processes. One of the successful models in this field is the TOPKAPI-X model. This model was created in the 1990s at the University of Bologna by Professor Todini as a distributed rainfall-runoff model in watersheds. An important feature of distributed models is their ability to simulate components at any point of the watershed, allowing results to be extracted at any required point. Unlike lumped models that consider the entire watershed as a single unit, distributed models allow spatial distribution at any point in the watershed. Therefore, in this research, after calibrating and validating the TOPKAPI-X physical-distributed model in the studied basin, the model was optimized for flood estimation. Materials and methods The Gamasiab basin is located in the west of Iran, in the northern region of the Zagros mountain ranges, to the north of the Karkheh dam basin, and primarily within the territories of Hamadan and Kermanshah provinces. The mountainous regions of this basin are mainly concentrated in the northern and southern parts, while its lowlands and plains are mostly located in the middle and southeastern parts of the basin (Ministry of Energy, 2014). In this research, the TOPKAPI-X model was used to simulate floods in the Gamasiab watershed. First, the watershed boundary was delineated using a digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 30 meters. Land use maps, soil texture, watershed network, and climatic components were entered into the TOPKAPI-X model. The outlet location of the basin (hydrometric station) was used to simulate the flow using the TOPKAPI-X distributed hydrological model. Continuous time series data on a daily time step were used in this rainfall-runoff model. Specifically, daily rainfall data from 13 rain gauge stations and temperature data from 4 synoptic stations during the statistical period (1999 to 2020) were used to simulate the flow. After running the model several times, the general parameters were manually adjusted each time until the optimal values of the general parameters were obtained by considering the appropriate values of the evaluation criteria (NS and Bias) for the basin. Results and discussion This research was conducted to analyze the flood discharge of one of the main sub-basins of the Karkheh dam basin using the TOPKAPI-X model on a daily time scale. In the TOPKAPI-X software environment, simulations were performed during the calibration period using input maps and observational rainfall, temperature, and discharge data. A visual comparison of the observed and simulated hydrographs allows for a general and quick evaluation of the model's accuracy. The graphical results of the comparison between the discharge generated by the TOPKAPI-X model with the calibrated parameters and the measured discharge in the Gamasiab basin were presented. The TOPKAPI-X model has the ability to estimate the maximum daily flow rates of the Gamasiab basin; however, some of the simulated flow rates are higher than the observed flow rates. Four criteria—NSE, R, BIAS, and RMSE—were used to evaluate the model. The evaluation results of the TOPKAPI-X model indicate the accuracy of flow simulation, with a Nash-Sutcliffe criterion of 0.697 during the calibration period (1999-2014) and 0.660 during the validation period (2015-2020) for the Gamasiab basin. Therefore, it can be concluded that this model has good performance for flow simulation. Conclusions The importance and usefulness of hydrological models for water resources management, understanding hydrological processes, and conducting impact assessment studies is clear. Hydrological models are crucial tools that enable scientists and policymakers to make informed decisions based on simulations of watershed behavior. Considering the increasing demand for water and the impact of climate change, hydrological simulation will be one of the essential methods for future water management. The results of this study showed that the TOPKAPI-X model has potential in simulating runoff in the selected basin. Due to the capabilities of the TOPKAPI-X distributed hydrological model, this software is recommended as a modeling tool for other basins.

Forecasting the changes of temperature extreme indices in the area of Mazandaran Province under CMIP6 scenarios

Reza Norooz-Valashedi; Sedigheh Bararkhanpour ahmadi; hadigheh bahrami pichaghchi; Sara Mazloom Babanari

Volume 16, Issue 2 , July 2024, Pages 279-301

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.363859.2036

Abstract

Introduction Climate is one of the environmental factors whose changes cause extensive alterations in different parts of the ecosystem and pose a significant threat to sustainable development. Temperature, a main element of climate, can affect the climate structure of any region through sudden, short-term, ... Read More Introduction Climate is one of the environmental factors whose changes cause extensive alterations in different parts of the ecosystem and pose a significant threat to sustainable development. Temperature, a main element of climate, can affect the climate structure of any region through sudden, short-term, and long-term changes. In recent decades, the Earth has faced global warming, evidenced by climatic changes worldwide. One important consequence of global warming is the increase in extreme weather phenomena, such as sudden temperature changes, excessive heat, abnormal cold, heavy rains and floods, drought, and dust storms caused by the drying of wetlands. Climate extreme indices not only play an important role in investigating climate events on regional and global scales but also assist in climate modeling and decision-making for various sectors. Materials and methods In this research, temperature data from the MRI-ESM-2 model under three scenarios—optimistic (SSP1-2.6), average (SSP2-4.5), and pessimistic (SSP5-8.5)—for two periods, the near future (2021-2060) and the distant future (2061-2100), were used. First, historical data for the base period and scenario data for the future period (until 2100) for the studied climate model were obtained from the ESGF database. Then, using the R programming language, the time series of historical data and scenarios were extracted from the model for each desired station, and the statistical downscaling of the data was performed using the bilinear interpolation method at the level of the studied stations. The data were grouped based on the three scenarios in all studied stations, and RClimDex software was used to extract indices based on minimum and maximum daily temperatures. In this research, 16 extreme temperature indices for the studied area were calculated on annual and monthly scales, and trends and breakpoints in these indices were investigated using the Mann-Kendall trend detection test, Sen’s Slope test, and Pettitt mutation detection test. Results and discussion The results show a decrease in extreme hot events based on the SSP1-2.6 scenario, a decrease in indices related to cold and freezing days, and an increase in extreme warm indices based on the SSP5-8.5 scenario, observed in most areas of the province. Generally, the indices for the number of summer days (with a slope of 40-70%), tropical nights (45-65%), the length of the heat period (30-50%), and the length of the growing season (40-60%) showed significant increases. Conversely, the indices for the number of frost days (-20 to -80), ice days (-10 to -40), and the length of the cold period (-10 to -70) significantly decreased. The results of Pettitt's test indicated change points for increasing and decreasing trends in hot and cold extreme indices, respectively, in the 2040s (near future) and 2080s (far future). Therefore, to control extreme temperatures and their adverse effects on various aspects of human life, especially agriculture and water resources, strategies should be developed and implemented according to the needs of each region. Conclusions The results indicated more frequent sudden changes in temperature indices under the pessimistic scenario compared to the other two scenarios, affecting broader areas of Mazandaran province. There is a likelihood of sudden increases in hot extreme indices and decreases in cold and freezing days both in the near future (2030s, 2040s, and 2050s) and far future (2070s and 2080s). Overall, significant changes in temperature extreme indices were observed during the future statistical periods studied, with Mazandaran province expected to experience higher air temperatures and more frequent extreme heat events. These findings align with regional and global studies. The rise in temperature, particularly during hot months when precipitation decreases naturally, significantly impacts agriculture in this region, which is a major area for rice production in the country. These changes also affect the hydrological cycle downstream of the Haraz basin. Additionally, temperature fluctuations during winter and cold months can influence the timing of snow melting in the basin, thereby affecting peak flood flows downstream. Given these factors and the necessity of such research in understanding human activities, water resource management, food security, and human health, it is crucial to investigate the impacts of extreme climate events driven by temperature in future policy-making. Human societies must adapt and adjust based on these anticipated conditions. Therefore, studying the intensity, frequency, and timing of extreme events and raising awareness about them can effectively address environmental challenges and enable rational planning to mitigate and reduce these events.

Analysis of groundwater drought in the Daranjir Watershed

Seyed Masoud Soleimanpour; S. Zandifar; O. Rahmati; M. Motamednia

Volume 16, Issue 2 , July 2024, Pages 302-315

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.364667.2041

Abstract

Introduction Currently, drought poses a significant threat to food security due to reduced rainfall and increased agricultural demand. Its impact is particularly severe in arid and semi-arid regions, where populations are more vulnerable. Drought affects groundwater systems by initially lowering water ... Read More Introduction Currently, drought poses a significant threat to food security due to reduced rainfall and increased agricultural demand. Its impact is particularly severe in arid and semi-arid regions, where populations are more vulnerable. Drought affects groundwater systems by initially lowering water supply, followed by a decline in groundwater levels and discharge. Compared to other types of drought, characteristics such as duration, intensity, and frequency alter groundwater systems. Materials and methods Given the critical need for drought assessment and monitoring, this study investigated drought conditions in 12 areas within the Daranjir Watershed from 2002–2003 to 2017-2018. The watershed spans approximately 50,736.44 km² across Yazd and Kerman provinces, with elevations ranging up to 1,857.90 meters. Highlands cover 58.99% of the area, while plains cover 40.99%. Data on groundwater levels from observation wells were obtained from Iranian Water Resources Research Organization (Tamab) and regional water organizations in Yazd and Kerman provinces. Average monthly groundwater level values were then extracted from maps using inverse distance weighting interpolation in MATLAB. Groundwater drought conditions were subsequently calculated based on the Groundwater Resources Index (GRI) in MATLAB. Results and discussion The GRI index calculations revealed severe droughts in Daranjir, Bardsir, and Qaryeh al-Arab deserts, with deficits of 81.38, 77.75, and 75.66, respectively. Qaryeh al-Arab experienced the longest drought, spanning 121 months, indicating the area's high intensity and prolonged drought conditions compared to other study areas. Mild droughts were the most frequent after normal drought across all study areas based on GRI index class frequencies. Conclusions Due to insufficient and highly variable atmospheric precipitation, drought is inevitable, especially in arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding drought severity and its impact on ecosystems is crucial for effective watershed resource management and optimal resource utilization. Continuous monitoring of groundwater levels due to drought and preparation of a comprehensive atlas for other watersheds in the country are recommended. Additionally, comparing drought conditions using appropriate models is essential. Short and long-term strategies are advised to mitigate this natural phenomenon, such as expanding greenhouse crop cultivation, utilizing drought-resistant crop varieties with high water efficiency, adopting pressurized irrigation systems, and implementing infrastructure projects to enhance groundwater and surface water storage, such as cement dams, reservoirs, and floodwater spreading systems in the study area.

Effect of sand on increased moisture in the root zone using two methods of irrigation

Mansour Jahantigh

Volume 12, Issue 4 , January 2021, , Pages 994-1008

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2020.127982.1726

Abstract

Soil erosion is an important chalenge in arid and semi-arid regions which has a negative impact on soil productivity and lose soil. Improper management of natural resources causes soil erosion. This reaearch was implemented in the north of Sistan and its aim was to idintyfy the effect of sand on increased ... Read More

Effect of drought on groundwater resources in order to optimize utilization management, case study: Plain Alashtar

Gholamreza Chamanpira; Gholamreza Zehtabian; Hasan Ahmadi; Arash Malekian

Volume 6, Issue 1 , May 2014, , Pages 10-20

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2014.101733

Abstract

Drought is the most hazardous natural phenomenon. Although not preventable, its negative effects can be reduced through taking some measures. One of the systems severely affected by drought while less considered is the groundwater. In this study, drought status and its impact on groundwater resources ... Read More

Considering the ability of Cs-137 method application to calculate soil sediment and deposition in Taseran watershed of Kabodar Ahang

Tooraj Asadi; Seyed Saber Shahooei; Mohammad Asadi; Amir Mansour Shahsavar

Volume 3, Issue 2 , August 2011, , Pages 94-101

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2011.101920

Abstract

Due to the importance of water erosion in reducing soil fertility many studies have been done on the quantity of this destructive phenomenon. Tamura and Rogowosky found a meaningful relation between water erosion and Cs-137 loss in soil matrix. This report was the first of application of Cs-137 method ... Read More

Developing WEAP an integrated water resources model for modeling in drought conditions

Fatemeh Mirzaie Nodoushan; Shahab Araghinejad; Omid Bozorghaddad

Volume 7, Issue 1 , April 2015, , Pages 85-97

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2015.100954

Abstract

One of the most important problems of water resources operation systems, specifically surface reservoirs in confronting hydrologic variability, is considering drought phenomenon effects on operation methods. As well as flow variations relative to average flow, duration of the drought is another ... Read More

ASAR and PALSAR sensors assessment for landslide detection, ‎monitoring using differential interferometry in Zagros Mountains

Kourosh Shirani; Abdollah Seif; Mohamad Sharifikia

Volume 6, Issue 3 , November 2014, , Pages 288-301

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2014.101711

Abstract

Launching satellites with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors onboard, purposely built for differential interferometry (D-InSAR) applications opened new opportunities for mapping and monitoring slow ground deformations and even high speed landslides, for the updating of regional landslide inventories ... Read More

Evaluation of Ecosystem Health of Meyghan Wetland of Arak

seid omid aleyasin; bahman shamsesfandabad; Hamid Toranjzar; abas ahmadi; Shahro Mokhtari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 September 2021

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2021.353494.1879

Abstract

Abstract: Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world. They provide a unique and rich habitat for creature .they also perform a wide range of economic and service functions such as water conservation, runoff regulation, water quality treatment and recreational services. The aim of ... Read More

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Estimation of spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture with ground penetrating radar(GPR)

mohammad taghi heydari; Hosseinali Bahrami; , alireza aliyari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2022.352582.1857

Abstract

Soil moisture is one of the fundamental parameters of the environment that is directly influenced by plant life, animal and activity of micro-organisms and plays a major role in energy exchanges between air and soil. Determination of the exact amount of soil moisture content in agricultural, hydrology ... Read More

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Qualitative study of river water using Hilsenhoff biological index (Case study: Babolrood watershed)

mehri raoofi; Mahmoud Habibnejad Roshan; Kaka Shahedi; Fatemeh Kardel

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 August 2022

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2022.356556.1926

Abstract

Rivers are the main arteries of watersheds that play an important role in providing water for agriculture, drinking and industry. On the other hand, the reduction of river water quality has been one of the biggest human concerns in the last century. In order to evaluate the quality of running water, ... Read More

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A Review of Resilience in the Studies of Natural Hazards in Iran

Ardeshir Mesbah; Esmail Karamidehkordi; Shadali Tohidloo; Amin Salehpour Jam; Tofigh Saadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2023.362235.2019

Abstract

Iran has always been one of the most vulnerable places in the world against environmental hazards due to its special spatial-spatial structures. The aim of this research is to review the traces of resilience of natural hazards in Iran with an emphasis on the hazards of floods, droughts, land degradation ... Read More

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Analysis and simulation of affecting factors on snow avalanche occurrence using RAMMS model, case study: Velayat Rood, Central Alborz, Alborz Province

Majid Kazemzadeh; Zahra Noori; Mohammad Jahantigh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2022.357252.1949

Abstract

Occurrence of avalanches in mountainous areas is one of the most important natural hazards that cause a lot of human and financial losses. The study of affecting factors on avalanche occurrence and simulation is very important to manage this phenomenon. In this study, the affecting factors on the occurrence ... Read More

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Watershed

Investigating the trend of precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures of East Azarbaijan province using the coupled model of the sixth report (CMIP6)

behrouz sobhani; Nazli Zenozi Alamdari; Mehdi Eshahi,; Masihallah Mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.363697.2034

Abstract

The importance of the issue is such that the United Nations has established an institution called the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to monitor climate change at the global level and examine the role of human activities in climate change. Until now, climate models have developed many ... Read More

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Evaluation of Sediment Delivery Ratio Estimation Methods in Khamsan Representative-Paired Watershed

Nasrin Azami; Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan; Leila Gholami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.358084.1965

Abstract

Due to the lack of data about soil erosion and sediment yield in many watersheds of Iran, the use of appropriate empirical methods is inevitable to erosion estimation, sediment yield and especially sediment delivery ratio. For this purpose, in the present study, empirical models for estimation of the ... Read More

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Spatial modeling of landslides in Khorasan Razavi province using machine learning methods

Malihe Mohamadnia; Abolghasem Amirahmadi; Liela Goli Mokhtari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.360481.1997

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to spatially model landslide susceptibility using machine learning methods such as random forest, support vector machine and enhanced regression tree in Razavi Khorasan province. At first, the distribution map of landslides in the region was prepared by field visits and ... Read More

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Evaluating the efficiency of concentration time estimation models in some sub-basins in northwest of Iran

Ouldouz Bakhshi Rad; Ali Reza Vaezi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.361229.2012

Abstract

The concentration time of catchments is one of the most important and common effective features in hydrological studies, particularly in determining the flow discharge for designing watershed management projects. Most of the catchments in the world especially in Iran were not equipped with hydrometric ... Read More The concentration time of catchments is one of the most important and common effective features in hydrological studies, particularly in determining the flow discharge for designing watershed management projects. Most of the catchments in the world especially in Iran were not equipped with hydrometric stations, and project managers are forced to use traditional empirical models to estimate concentration time and peak flow. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of empirical models for estimating the concentration time in sub basins and to investigate its determining factors. The concentration time in eight sub basins from Urmia Lake and Araz River basins in Northwest Iran was calculated by examining the hydrograph of stream flows in a statistical period of 30 years (from 1367 to 1397). It was estimated through six empirical models including Kirpich (1940), Kerby (1959), Chow (1962), Federal Aviation Administration (1972), Bransby-Williams (1980) and Ventura (2007). The characteristics of the sub basins such as area, length, slope, height and shape were determined through field studies and drawing maps in GIS platform. According to the results, Shekaralichay sub basin has the shortest (66 minutes) and the Kalaleh sub basin has the longest concentration time (132 minutes). Bransby-Williams model had the lowest error (6.8 %) and the highest efficiency coefficient (73%); While the estimation error (36.2 %) and the efficiency of Federal Aviation Administration model was 36.2% and-14.4% respectively. The slope was the most important main factor on the estimation of concentration time of the assessment in the Kirpich model (r= 0.83), Chow (r= 0.82) and Bransby-Williams (r= 0.73). Considering the lower error of the Bransby-Williams model, this model has sufficient certainty in estimating the concentration time in the basins of the semi-arid region. Therefore, this model can be used in similar sub basins in terms of environmental characteristics.

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Assessment of Land Subsidence Susceptibility in the Salmas Plain Aquifer, Northwestern Lake Urmia, Utilizing Fuzzy Logic

somayeh karimiasl; Behzad Hessari; kamran zeinalzadeh; Mahdi Erfanian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.363148.2031

Abstract

Salmas plain represents one of the most critical areas in the country experiencing subsidence. Identifying the underlying factors contributing to subsidence becomes crucial in mitigating further land sinking. Consequently, this research seeks to investigate the intensity of subsidence in the Selmas plain ... Read More Salmas plain represents one of the most critical areas in the country experiencing subsidence. Identifying the underlying factors contributing to subsidence becomes crucial in mitigating further land sinking. Consequently, this research seeks to investigate the intensity of subsidence in the Selmas plain using ArcGIS software and fuzzy logic to analyze the various factors influencing this phenomenon. Initially, comprehensive data on eight factors influencing subsidence, including groundwater level drop, well exploitation flow rate, aquifer storage coefficient, transmissibility coefficient, precipitation, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil texture, and bedrock depth, was collected. Subsequently, raster maps for each factor were extracted at the aquifer level. The standardization of these layers was conducted using fuzzy membership functions, considering the varying impact of each factor on land subsidence. These fuzzy operators (Gamma, OR, AND, SUM, and PRODUCT) were then applied and combined using overlay functions, resulting in a comprehensive unit map representing the subsidence intensity across the region. To determine the most optimal fuzzy-operation based maps, the outcomes were compared with field observation data, and the ROC curve performance index was applied for thorough control and validation. Throughout this process, due consideration was given to the observed subsidence patterns in the plain. The fuzzy OR operation exhibited the lowest overlap with the observed subsidence in the region, boasting an AUC of 0.693. Conversely, the Gamma models demonstrated the highest overlap with the subsidence observed in the plain, with an AUC above 70%. As a result, the Gamma 0.9 model was chosen for this research, presenting an AUC of 0.805. The findings underscore the critical nature of subsidence in the eastern part of the aquifer. Of the total area of Salmas plain, 25%, equivalent to 93 square kilometers, has subsidence with a very high susceptibility.

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Detection of Sinkholes and Landslides Using Deep-Learning Methods, UAV images, and Topographical Derivatives

Naeges Kariminejad; Hamid Reza Pourghasemi; Mohsen Hoseinalizadeh; Vahid Shafaie

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.363888.2037

Abstract

Introduction:Sinkholes and landslides occur when parts of a soil collapse mainly in more gentle or steeper slopes, which are often triggered by intensive rainfall. Materials and methods:Recent advances in acquiring images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and deep learning (DL) methods inherited from ... Read More

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Analysis of the problems of the agricultural and natural resources research and education centers regarding watershed management and the existing scenarios

jamal mosaffaie; Ataollah Ebrahimi; Mahmood Arabkhedri; Parviz Garshasbi; Amin Salehpour Jam; Mahmoudreza Tabatabaei; Hamidreza Peyrowan; Mohammadreza Gharibreza; Mehran Zand; Bagher Ghermez Cheshme

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.364792.2043

Abstract

For the effective management of watersheds, it is necessary to conduct appropriate and practical research, which in turn requires solving the problems related to this area. This article intends to have an analysis of their problems in the field of soil conservation and watershed management based on common ... Read More

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Evaluation of sediment trapping in check dams (case study: Nehzatabad watershed)

Mohsen Armin; Hamide Zahedikhah; Maleeha Mozayyan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365173.2051

Abstract

Check dams have the largest amount of watershed improvement operations in Iran. Therefore, considering the frequency of construction and as a result the cost of construction, it is necessary to investigate their performance in watersheds to identify their strengths and weaknesses. In this research, the ... Read More

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The relationship between soil characteristics and habitat slope on the quantitative and qualitative yield of vetiver plant in soil protection(case study: side slope of Sangar dam, Siahkol city, Gilan province)

sahel haghighi; ZeinabY Jafarian; Mohamad Azadbakht; forood sharifi; Reza Tamartash

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365242.2053

Abstract

According to the morphological and physiological characteristics of vetiver roots, it can be usedas the most suitable protective wall on the steep and side slopes. For this purpose, this study was carried out on the side slopes of Sangar Dam reservoir in Siahkol city in Gilan province. In this resesrch, ... Read More

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Monitoring of land use changes based on Decision Tree algorithm using multi-temporal Landsat satellite images and auxiliary data, case study: Western area of Tehran

maryam soleimani parapari azad; Masoud kherkhah zarkesh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365534.2060

Abstract

The rapid growth of cities and the process of industrialization have caused many environmental problems in many parts of the world. It is very important for planners and managers to be aware of the changes in land cover and land use over long periods of time in order to evaluate and predict the problems ... Read More

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An Analysis of the Watershed Engineering and Management Journal Over 15 Publication Cycles (2009-2023)

Hasan Nikkhou; Amin Salehpour Jam; Zahra Gerami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365583.2061

Abstract

Today, the natural resources of the country face serious problems and threats such as water scarcity, drought, climate change, water pollution, soil and air pollution, desertification, soil erosion, and issues arising from unsustainable and inappropriate land use practices such as deforestation, destruction ... Read More

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Investigating the effects of climate change using the results of the Sixth evaluation report of the inter-state delegation on the amount of runoff and sediment yield

Mohammad Reza Sheykh Rabiee; Hamid Reza Peyrowan; Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh; Mehry Akbary; Baharak Motamedvaziri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365664.2062

Abstract

Climate change is one of the most important challenges that affects natural ecosystems and different aspects of human life. The effects of global warming on the hydrology and water cycle in nature are very serious, and knowing these effects quantitatively creates more preparation to deal with its consequences. ... Read More

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Prioritization of Gullied area in Qazvin province

Reza Bayat; majid zanjanijam; Majid Soufi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365707.2063

Abstract

Soil erosion causes soil degradation and reduction of its fertility potential. Gully erosion is one of the accelerated phenomena caused by human developmen programs and one of the important factors of soil degradation, which causes soil lost and sediment production in different climates of Iran. Physical ... Read More

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Analysis of the Spatial and Temporal changes in historical and future extreme temperature events in Iran under the influence of climate change

Morteza Miri; Mehran Zand; Mohammadreza Kousari; Mojtaba Rahimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366334.2071

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the spatial-temporal variations of extreme temperature events in Iran. The data used in this study includes the daily average maximum and minimum temperatures from 123 synoptic stations during the observational period from 1988 to 2017. Additionally, it ... Read More

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Separation of the contribution of climate change and human activities on the changes in river flow using the hydrological sensitivity analysis approach based on Budyko's hypothesis (Case study: Qazvin plain salt marsh)

sara Heshmati; bijan nazari; Mohammadreza Nikoo

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.366054.2069

Abstract

Climate change and human activities are the two main factors in the change of runoff. The purpose of this research is to determine the contribution of each of the factors of climate change and human activities on the changes in the runoff of Qazvin plain. The evaluation of the trend in the annual amounts ... Read More

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Evaluating the effect of pitting operations on improving soil conditions and vegetation diversity

Banafshe Yasrebi; Mehri Dinarvand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365877.2066

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of pitting construction on the restoration of native vegetation in degraded lands and dust emission hotspots in southern Khuzestan province, located in Bandar Mahshahr city.Transect-quadrat method was used to investigate changes in vegetation cover. ... Read More

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Investigating the effectiveness of using infrared non-contact sensor in water level monitoring

Mohammadreza Kousari; forood sharifi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22092/ijwmse.2024.365871.2065

Abstract

One of the main challenge of water resources management in the Iran is the lack of sufficient water level and discharge data from the watersheds. This is more serious for small watersheds. Meanwhile, the use of water level data-loggers devices can significantly reduce the problems of collecting surface ... Read More

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Number of Volumes	16
Number of Issues	62
Number of Articles	714
Number of Contributors	1,546
Article View	567,775
PDF Download	497,293
View Per Article	795.2
PDF Download Per Article	696.49
Acceptance Rate	35
Average First Action (Day)	2
Average Review Date (Day)	30
Average Time to Accept (Day)	150
Average Time to Publish (After Acceptance) (Day)	180
Number of Indexing Databases	5

Volume 16 (2024-2025)

Volume 15 (2023-2024)

Volume 14 (2022-2023)

Volume 13 (2021-2022)

Volume 12 (2020-2021)

Volume 11 (2019-2020)

Volume 10 (2018-2019)

Volume 9 (2017-2018)

Volume 8 (2016-2017)

Volume 7 (2015-2016)

Volume 6 (2014-2015)

Volume 5 (2013-2014)

Volume 4 (2012-2013)

Volume 3 (2011-2012)

Volume 2 (2010-2011)

Volume 1 (2009-2010)

Journal Features

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Indexing and Abstracting

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