In collaboration with Iranian Watershed Management Association

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Forest, Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Forest, Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

3 Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iran

4 Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

5 Associate Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iran

Abstract

Extended abstract
Introduction
Dust event is one of the natural events that occur widely in the world, especially in dry areas. One of the main and effective factors in the occurrence of this phenomenon is the geographical location and climatic conditions of the regions affected by this phenomenon. The purpose of this research is to analyze the cause-and-effect relationships of dust events in Hendijan region with the approach of the Driver-Pressure-Situation-Effect-Response (DPSIR) framework.
 
Materials and methods
The DPSIR process is an analysis based on the "cause-disability" relationship of factors for policy-making and management planning. The DPSIR framework is a systems thinking framework that assumes cause-and-effect relationships between environmental and socio-economic systems. This conceptual framework uses a cycle of causes and results for the proper integration of basic economic, social and environmental data and information, specifies the relationship between environmental processes and human factors, and also leads to an understanding of the relationship between policy levels and environmental studies. The trend of each component of DPSIR was also evaluated by applying quantitative criteria for the time period of 2007-2019.
 
Results and discussion
The results of the research showed that the total index of all DPSIR components has an upward trend for the studied period. The slope of the trend related to D, P, S, I and R components was equal to 0.06, 0.03, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.02, respectively. Although some responses were made to reduce the influence of others. The components of DPSIR have been adopted to improve the dust situation, but the research results and the process of changes showed that they were not sufficient and integrated. In this research, a variety of answers related to the components of the driving force, pressure, situation, and effects were identified. The results showed that dust concentration and dusty days in the region increased during the study period and more attention was paid to reactive responses and less focus on preventive responses. Also, paying attention to the response of increasing the efficiency of irrigation due to the high correlation between the state of dust concentration and pressure factors such as the amount of rainfall, soil moisture, and exploitation of water resources in the research area, special attention to the development of water extraction systems as one of the most important responses. Management issues due to the existence of negative and high correlation with the dust situation during the years of research, adequate and sustainable supply of water resources by reducing and minimizing the diversion dams downstream of the Kowsar and Ask dams due to the increase in dust concentration with the increase of flood diversion operations and construction Reservoir and diversion dams since 2009, Considering the water rights of wetlands in the region with the aim of preventing wetlands from drying up and creating a dust center, especially in the west of Hendijan city, and carefully choosing the appropriate plant species, as well as carrying out desertification operations (planting saplings, mulching, building windbreaks). With the ecological conditions of the region, due to the negative correlation between the desertification operation and the reduction of dust concentration since 2014, it can help to improve the dust situation in the research area.
 
Conclusion
In this regard, it is recommended to respond to driving forces (D) and pressures (P) so that while improving the conditions and adverse effects caused by it, the drivers and pressures that create the current situation can also be controlled. Based on this, the incomplete implementation of the answers is another reason for not achieving management goals and making the situation and the number of dusty days more unfavorable. It is also suggested to implement the integrated watershed management program in Hendijan city through the development of a joint water, agriculture, and natural resources program upstream of the watershed in order to clarify the effective measures of the water production, distribution, and consumption chain in the upstream lands.

Keywords

Abd El-Wahab, R.H., A.R. Al-Rashed, and A. Al-Dousari. 2018. Influences of physiographic factors, vegetation patterns and human impacts on aeolian landforms in arid environment. Arid Ecosystems Journal, 8(2): 97-110.
Al-Dousari, A.M., A. Alsaleh and M. Ahmed. 2019. Off-road vehicle tracks and grazing points about soil compaction and land degradation. Earth System Environmental Journal, 3(3): 471-482.
Al-Dousari, A.M., M.I. Ibrahim, N. Al-Dousari, M. Ahmed and S. Al-Awadhi. 2018. Pollen in aeolian dust with relation to allergy and asthma in Kuwait. Aerobiological Journal, 34: 325-336.
Al-Dousari, A., K. Pye, A. Al-Hazza, F. Al-Shatti, M. Ahmed, N. Al-Dousari and M. Rajab. 2020. Nanosize inclusions as a fingerprint for aeolian sediments. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 22: 1-15.
Ashrafi, K., M. Shafiepour-Motlagh, A. Aslemand and S. Ghader. 2014. Dust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLIT. Journal of Environmental Health Science, 12(9): 1-9.
Bell, S. 2012. DPSIR: a problem structuring method? an exploration from the imagineapproach. European Journal of Operational Research, 222: 350–360.
Bidone, E.D. and L.D. Lacerda. 2003. The use of DPSIR framework to evaluate sustainability in coastal areas, case study: Guanabara Bay Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Regional Environmental Change, 4: 5–16.
Borja, A., I. Galparsoro and O. Solaun. 2006. The European water framework directive and the DPSIR, a methodological approach to assess the risk of failing to achieve good ecological status. Estuarine, Coastal  and Shelf Science, 66: 84–96.
Broomandi, P., B. Dabir, B. Bonakdarpour and Y. Rashidi. 2017. Identification of the sources of dust storms in the city of Ahvaz by HYSPLIT. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 3: 341–348 (in Persian).
Crooks, J.L., W.E. Cascio and M.S. Percy. 2016. Supplemental material the association between dust storms and daily non-accidental mortality in the United States, Environmental Health Perspectives, 1993-2005.
EEA. 1995. Europe's environment. The Dobris Assessment. European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, 8 pages.
El-Askary, H., R. Gautam, R.P. Singh and M. Kafatos. 2006. Dust storm detection over the Indo-Gangetic Basin using multi-sensor data. Advances in Space Research, 37: 728–733.
Elliott, M., 2002. The role of the DPSIR approach and conceptual models in marine environmental management: an example for offshore wind power. Pollution Bulletin, 6: iii–vii.
Englert, N. 2004. Fine particles and human health a review of epidemiological studies: Toxicology Letters Journal, 149: 235-242.
Feng, Q., K. Endo and G. Cheng. 2002. Dust storms in China: a case study of dust storm variation and dust characteristics. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 61: 253–261.
Friend, A.M. and D.J. Rapport. 1991. Evolution of macro-information systems for sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 3: 59–76
Gari, S.R., A. Newton and J.D. Icely. 2015. A review of the application and evolution of the DPSIR framework with an emphasis on coastal social-ecological systems. Ocean Coastal Management, 103: 63–77.
Gari, S.R., C.E.O. Guerrero and B. Uribe. 2018. A DPSIR-analysis of water uses and related water quality issues in the Colombian alto and medio dagua community council. Water Science Journal, 32: 318–337.
Goudie, A.S. 2014. Desert dust and human health disorders. Environment International Journal, 63: 101–113.
Haase, D. and H. Nuissi. 2007. Does urban sprawl drive changes in the water balance and policy? the case of Leipzig (Germany) 1870–2003. Landscape Urban Planning Journal, 80: 1–13.
Kagalou, I., I. Leonardos and C. Anastasiadou. 2012. The DPSIR approach for an integrated river management framework. A preliminary application on a Mediterranean site (Kalamas River–NW Greece). Water Resource Management, 16 pages.
Kang, J.H., J.J. Keller and C.S. Chen. 2012. Asian dust storm events are associated with an acute increase in pneumonia hospitalization. Epidemiol Community Health, 22: 257–263.
Kathuria, V. 2002. Vehicular pollution control in Delhi. Transportation Research Part D, Transport and Environment Journal, 7: 373-387.
Khaniabadi, Y.O., S.M. Daryanoosh and A. Amrane. 2017. Impact of Middle Eastern dust storms on human health. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 8(4): 606– 613.
Klingmuller, K., A. Pozzer and S. Metzger. 2016. Aerosol optical depth trend over the Middle East. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16: 5063–5073.
Krewski, D., R. Burnett and M. Jerrett. 2005. Mortality and long-term exposure to ambient air pollution: ongoing analyses based on the American Cancer Society cohort. Journal of Toxicol Environmental Health Part A, 68: 1093–1109
Lalande, N., F. Cernesson, A. Decherf and M.G. Tournoud. 2014. Implementing the DPSIR framework to link water quality of rivers to land use: methodological issues and preliminary field test. International Journal of River Basin Management, 12: 201–217
Lee, J.T., J.Y. Son and Y.S. Cho. 2007. A comparison of mortality related to urban air particles between periods with Asian dust days and without Asian dust days in Seoul, Korea, 2000–2004. Environmental Research, 105: 409–413.
MAJ. 2019. Agricultural statistics data. Ministry of Jahad-e-Agriculture of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Bureau of Statistics, 112 pages.
Marsham, J.H., M. Hobby and C.J.T. Allen. 2013. Meteorology and dust in the central Sahara: observations from fennec supersite-1 during the June 2011 intensive observation period. JCR Atmospheres, 118:4069–4089.
Mosaffaie, J., A. Salehpour Jam and M.R. Tabatabaei. 2021. Trend assessment of the watershed health based on DPSIR framework. Land Use Policy, 100: 104911.
Mosaffaie, J. and A. Salehpour Jam. 2018. Economic assessment of the investment in soil and water conservation projects of watershed management. Arabian Journal Geosciences, 11: 368.
Mosaffaie, J. 2016. Application of artificial neural network, multiple-regression and index-flood techniques in regional flood frequency estimation. International Journal of Water, 10: 328–342.
Mosaffaie, J., M.R. Ekhtesasi and M.T. Dastorani. 2015. Temporal and spatial variation of the water erosion rate. Arabian Journal Geosciences, 8(8): 5971–5979.
MPOKP. 2019. Statistical yearbooks of Khuzestan Province. Management and Planning Organization of Khuzestan Province, 23.
Namaalwa, S., A.A. Van dam and A. Funk. 2013. Characterization of the drivers, pressures, ecosystem functions, and services of Namatala Wetland, Uganda. Environmental Science Policy, 34: 44-57.
Neelamani, S. and A. Al-Dousari. 2016. A study on the annual fallout of the dust and the associated elements into Kuwait Bay, Kuwait. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(3): 210.
Neophytou, A.M., P. Yiallouros and B.A. Coull. 2013. Particulate matter concentrations during desert dust outbreaks and daily mortality in Nicosia, Cyprus. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 23: 275–280.
Nourmoradi, H., Y.O. Khaniabadi and G. Goudarzi. 2016. Air quality and health risks associated with exposure to particulate matter: a cross-sectional study in Khorramabad, Iran. Health Scope, 5(2): e31766
OECD. 1993. OECD core set of indicators for environmental performance reviews. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France, 93 pages.
PBO. 2019. Analysis of the results of a general census of population and housing. Plan and Budget Organization of Iran, 13.
Rezaei, M., A. Salimi and M. Taghidust. 2014. A comparison of toxicity mechanisms of dust storm particles collected in the southwest of Iran on lungs and skin using isolated mitochondria. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 96: 814–830.
Salehpour Jam, A., J. Mosaffaie and M.R. Tabatabaei. 2021. Assessment of comprehensiveness of soil conservation measures using the DPSIR framework. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193: 42.
Shahsavani, A., A. Tobias and X. Querol. 2020. Short-term effects of particulate matter during desert and non-esert dust days on mortality in Iran. Environment International Journal, 134.
Shao, C., Y. Guan, C. Chu, R. Shi, M. Ju and J. Shi. 2014. Trends analysis of ecological environment security based on DPSIR model in the coastal zone: a survey study in Tianjin, China. International Journal of Environmental Research, 8(3): 765-778.
Sun, S., Y. Wang and J. Liu. 2016. Sustainability assessment of regional water resources under the DPSIR framework. Journal of Hydrology, 532: 140–148.
Tobias, A., L. Perez, J. Diaz, C. Linares, J. Pey, A. Alastruey and X. Querol. 2011. Short-term effects of particulate matter on total mortality during Saharan dust outbreaks: a case-crossover analysis in Madrid (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 412–413: 386–389.
WHO. 2006. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Global update 2005. Summary of risk assessment World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 20 pages.
Zaldívar, J-M., P. Viaroli and A. Newton. 2008. Eutrophication in transitional waters: an overview. Transitional Waters Monographs, 2: 1–78.
Zauli Sajani, S., R. Miglio and P. Bonasoni. 2011. Saharan dust and daily mortality in Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Occupational and Environmental Medicine (OEM), 68: 446–451.