Taher farhadinejad; iraj vayskarami; Mehran Zand
Abstract
Introduction
Drought can have serious negative effects on the quality of water needed for irrigated agriculture. The geological formations of the region increase the concentration of minor and rare toxic elements in the waters, and on the other hand, human activities lead to water pollution in the ...
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Introduction
Drought can have serious negative effects on the quality of water needed for irrigated agriculture. The geological formations of the region increase the concentration of minor and rare toxic elements in the waters, and on the other hand, human activities lead to water pollution in the nearby areas. In this research, the effect of drought on the quality of surface water, the effect of various factors such as geological formations and the decrease or increase of rainfall and air temperature on the quality of water resources, how the quality of water changes, determining the limits of water consumption in the drinking sector and agriculture should be paid.
Materials and methods
The Tirah River Basin with an area of 3243.6 square kilometers is considered as one of the sub-basins of the Dez River and a subset of the Karun Basin. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standard StreamFlow Index (SSI) and Decimal Index (DI) were used to calculate standard drought indices. Elements and compounds of electrical conductivity (Ec), Total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and Anions of chlorine (Cl-), Sulfate (SO42-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium cations (Mg) were investigated. To draw the pattern of droughts, 3 hydrometric stations of Teng Mohammad Haji (upstream), Rahimabad Silakhor (middle) and Tir-Droud (outlet) stations were tested.
Results and discussion
The most severe hydrological droughts with a duration of 2 years and a minimum SSI value of -1.23 in the Teng Mohammad Haji Station in the water years of 2009 and 2010 and the Tir-Droud Station with a duration of 4 years (-1.19) and the Rahimabad Silakhor Station with a duration of 3 years (-1.16) occurred for the water years 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The analysis of discharge and precipitation data of Teir sub-basins showed that between the discharge and precipitation (SPI and SSI) of Tang Mohammadhaji and Rahimabad Stations, there was an average positive correlation at a significant level of 0.05 (R2=0.526). Examining the relationship between annual discharge and water quality parameters showed that there was a negative correlation for most parameters such as TDS, EC, chlorine, the total of anions and cations, so that the maximum concentration of quality parameters occurred in droughts. In Tang Mohammadhaji Station, the highest percentage of changes was related to sodium and chlorine, respectively, with 62.55 and 39.70% in dry years compared to the long-term average. The results of this research showed that the percentage of changes in calcium, magnesium, sodium, carbonate and chloride
increased in dry years compared to the long-term average in the studied stations in the Tirah River Basin. All the stations in the Tirah Basin have passed the period of relatively dry hydrological drought (-0.84 to -1.28) and none of them have suffered severe hydrological drought.
Conclusion
The analysis of discharge and precipitation data of dark sub-basins shows that between discharge and precipitation (SPI and SSI) of Tang Mohammad Haji Station, which is an upstream sub-basin of dark, there is an average positive correlation at a significant level of 0.05 and in Rahim Abad Station, which is in the middle of the basin It is located in Tire, and according to Pearson, it has a correlation at a significant level of 0.05 at the exit station of Tire basin, no significant correlation is observed between discharge and precipitation variables, which can be caused by snowfall and the persistence of snow in the heights from the previous water year, the construction of Meruk Dam. In the upper part of the basin, as well as the water intake of Bishehdalan Silakhor Wetland in droughts and abundant water harvesting from the Tirah River for agriculture. The upstream basin of Tang Mohammadhaji Station is completely calcareous, which has caused changes in parameters of calcium, TDS, EC, etc. In Rahimabad Silakhor Station and Tire outlet, half of the area of the basin is dedicated to intrusive rocks such as granite and granodiorite, which increases potassium and calcium. In the studied stations in Tirah River Basin, the percentage of changes related to calcium, magnesium and sodium, and carbonate and chlorine anions have increased in dry years compared to the long-term average. In general, it can be concluded that drought can have negative effects on water quality parameters in Tirah River Basin.
Mohammad hossein Nassajian Zavareh; Hossein Malekinezhad; Mohammad reza Ekhtesasi; Mohammad Zare
Abstract
The increasing exploitation of groundwater reserves and consequently the drop in the water level and reduction of the reserves have seriously caught the attention of officials and planners to the integrated management of groundwater and surface water resources. The evaluation and management of water ...
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The increasing exploitation of groundwater reserves and consequently the drop in the water level and reduction of the reserves have seriously caught the attention of officials and planners to the integrated management of groundwater and surface water resources. The evaluation and management of water resources are considered as one of the key factors in comprehensive development. Boein Aquifer in Isfahan Province located in the Gavkhooni Basin is studied in this study. The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Reclamation Drought Index (RDI) and Groundwater Standard Index (GRI) in the time scales of three, six, 12, 24 and 48 months and Cultivated Land Index (CLI) in annual time scale are calculated. Results showed that the highest correlation between the SPI and GRI is in 18 and 24 months' time scale, and there is a delay of 1.5 to 2 years between these two droughts. Contrary to the results of some references, the correlation between meteorological drought index and GRI does not always increase with increasing the time scale. A synchronic study of the SPI, GRI and CLI shows a large difference between the SRI and the other two indicators in 2004-2008 periods that may be related to the poor management of the region. However, more close values obtained for these three indices in the recent years mainly due to the better management of water consumption by relevant organizations. To determine homogeneous drought regions, different combinations of temporal and spatial scales were used by creating 39 different scenarios and running 390,000 simulations. None of the heterogeneity measures were met in 90% of cases. This indicated that the linear moment technique is not a suitable method for determining homogeneous arid regions of groundwater probably due to the non-random data. Therefore, the linear moment technique will be more useful if the data is random.
Mohammad Sadegh Porhemmat; Jahangir Porhemmat; Mehdi Mirzaee
Abstract
Karstic springs, as the main resources of rivers such as Karkheh, have encountered scarcity in the western of Iran during past years. It is necessary to consider the effects of climatic and human co-factors to prepar a rehabilitation plan in watershed scale. The present study was carried out to evaluate ...
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Karstic springs, as the main resources of rivers such as Karkheh, have encountered scarcity in the western of Iran during past years. It is necessary to consider the effects of climatic and human co-factors to prepar a rehabilitation plan in watershed scale. The present study was carried out to evaluate this phenomenon in the case of Sarab-e Niloufar, in Kermanshah Province. Two methods including Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Moving Average (MA) are used in this study. Four wet and dry periods were occured, including wet periods from 1980-1981 to 1997-1998 and from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, dry periods from 1998-1999 to 2002-2003, and from 2006-2007 to 2014-2015 water years. The SPI results showed two main periods from 1989 to 2015, include 1989 to 1999 and 2000 to 2015. The first period is wet or normal, but the second period is very dry to normal and is characterized by persistence and severity of dryness. Also, the results showed that spring discharge has been stable in a-29 years period from 1969 to 1988 with fluctuations by seasonal rainfall, but a sharp decrease over the second period. The average spring discharge was 1100 ls-1 during the first period, but 337 ls-1 in the next 19 years. Other results showed a harmony period between decreasing of the spring discharge with drought cycles resulted from MA and SPI, except for the wet period of 2003-2004 to 2005-2006. Nevertheless, the spring discharge had decreasing rate in the wet period of 2003-2004 to 2005-2006. In addition, spring decreasing discharge rate was greater than rainfall. Therefore, despite the fact that the effects of drought are recognized as a major factor of spring deficit, other factors such as decreasing in water table of adjacent aquifers are also important to consider for rehabilitation of the spring.
Barat Mojaradi; javad mirmiri; Alizadeh Hosein
Abstract
Drought management is an essential task to exploit water resources. In this study, the monthly rainfall of 35 synoptic stations in Qazvin province during 30-year were considered for drought monitoring. In this study two drought monitoring indices including modified standard Precipitation index (MSPI) ...
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Drought management is an essential task to exploit water resources. In this study, the monthly rainfall of 35 synoptic stations in Qazvin province during 30-year were considered for drought monitoring. In this study two drought monitoring indices including modified standard Precipitation index (MSPI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) are accomplished and compared to the reports of four indices in the study area. The obtained results showed that the MSPI is more accurate than the SPI and other indices. Having the drought conditions in the stations, zoning of drought were calculated by Interpolation methods such as IDW, Kriging, GPI, and RBF.The obtained results demonstrated that IDW method with first power is the best method in terms of average error. Moreover, zoning of the precipitation is conducted using Kriging interpolation then the MSPI value for each cell is computed for monthly precipitation. The results show that if the precipitation interpolation is conducted firstly, the drought index is calculated more accurately than the method that drought index calculated in the stations. In order to assess the drought condition more accurately, the vegetation condition index (VCI) is computed using monthly NDVI product of MODIS. The correlation between VCI and MSPI was calculated that the results illustrated that MSPI confirms the results obtained by VCI. As a result, VCI can be used to monitor drought in the watersheds which suffer from sufficient ground stations.
Ghazaale Madadi; Saeed Hamzeh; Aliakbar Noroozi
Abstract
Most of drought assessment systems are largely based on rainfall data. Although the short period of data, poor quality of rainfall measurement network and low-dense distribution of stations reduce the ability of detecting drought spatial patterns. Therefore, it is obligatory to detect climate data sources, ...
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Most of drought assessment systems are largely based on rainfall data. Although the short period of data, poor quality of rainfall measurement network and low-dense distribution of stations reduce the ability of detecting drought spatial patterns. Therefore, it is obligatory to detect climate data sources, which would get rid of this problem, then to be used as an alternative option. Accordingly, in this study for monitoring drought in West Frontier Basin (including the Ilam, Kermanshah, Kurdistan and Lorestan provinces), using meteorological data (including 30 climatology and synoptic stations), to assess monthly data satellite TRMM (3B43). Drought indicators using SPI index for time scales of three, six, nine and 12 months in the period of 12 years (2000-2012) were calculated. After evaluating the accuracy and validating of monthly data from satellite images, estimation value of the drought on the determined time scales was done by use of TRMM dataset. The estimated value of the drought (SPI) across the study area using TRMM satellite images and maps of rainfall of ground-stations was calculated in MATLAB software after that for all the pixels continuously SPI value was calculated. The results indicate that, the SPI index from satellite images and ground stations are closely related. According to the statistics of weather and precipitation, year 2008 was introduced as the low rainfall year, besides the results of the study showed that the SPI value of the basin, in 2008 was lowest that determined it as the dry year.
Tayeb Raziei
Abstract
In this research, the target area were regionlized into few distinctive homoginious sub-regions by applying principal component alalysis to the SPI time series at 3-, 6- and 12-months time scales and the resultant PC scores were considered as the regional SPI time series for drought forecasting using ...
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In this research, the target area were regionlized into few distinctive homoginious sub-regions by applying principal component alalysis to the SPI time series at 3-, 6- and 12-months time scales and the resultant PC scores were considered as the regional SPI time series for drought forecasting using time series modellingineach identified sub-region. The probability of occurences of dry, normal and wet events were also predicted for all the considered stations using Markov chain model and the results were spatially mapped and analysed. The expected drught numebr and drught length of the prediceted drought events were also estimated and mapped to spatially display their results in order to ease their spatial variability comparrison. Furthermore, different time series models were fitted to the Regional SPI series (PC scores) to identify the best fitted model for each region in order to use for drought forcasting. The result shows that the ARMA is the best fitted model for SPI time series at 3- and 6-months time scales while for the 12-months time scales the SARIMA model is the best fitted model. Using the identified models the magnitude of the SPI was forcasted for the leading times. The result shows that the time series models can favorably forcast SPI values for three months ahead, wherease the predicted results for more than three months ahead is not reasonably accurate.
Bahare Shirani; Morteza Khodagholi; Majid Montazeri
Abstract
Among the widespread studies have made on drought, rangelands drought has just received little attention. This study investigates the effect of drought on rangelands of Isfahan province. For this, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Rainfall Anomally Index(RAI), Percentage of difference between the ...
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Among the widespread studies have made on drought, rangelands drought has just received little attention. This study investigates the effect of drought on rangelands of Isfahan province. For this, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Rainfall Anomally Index(RAI), Percentage of difference between the measured rainfall and Statistical Index Annual Precipitation(SIAP) were assessed in different time periods and their relation with these type of rangelands production in Isfahan province were studied. In this study, the monthly precipitation data in Esfahan, Meyme and Shahreza stations and forage production data in Charmshahr, Moote, Gardaneshadian rangelands in the period 1998-2007 were used. To investigate the relationship between indices and pastures production, the Pearson correlation was used. The results showed that only in Moote pasture, there were significant relationship and in the other pastures due to the special conditions, there was no correlation between these two variables The results indicate that effect of time periods were more than effect of indexes and spring rains have the greatest effect on the production of rangelands with Artemisia sieberi type in Isfahan province. Finally, the percentage of difference between rainfall in the range 3 month with 0.867 and then RAI 3 with 0.863 and SPI 3 with 0.802 were determined as the most appropriate index of drought.
Tayeb Raziei
Abstract
Drought characteristics were investigated in arid and semi-arid regions of eastern and central Iran using monthly precipitation records of 69 synoptic and meteorological weather stations for the period 1975-2005. After quality control of the data records, the the ُStandardized Precipitation Index (SPI) ...
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Drought characteristics were investigated in arid and semi-arid regions of eastern and central Iran using monthly precipitation records of 69 synoptic and meteorological weather stations for the period 1975-2005. After quality control of the data records, the the ُStandardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was computed at 3, 6 and 12 month time scales for all considered stations. The target area was regionlized into a few distinctive homoginious sub-regions by applying principal component alalysis and Varimax rotation to the SPI time series computed for 3-, 6- and 12-months time scales, i.e., the target area is composed of two homeginous sub-regions based on SPI at 3- and 12-months time scales, while it classified into 3 sub-regions considerng 6-months time scale. Drought charcteristics (severity, duration and frequency) were also identified for all considered stations and time scales and their respective spatial variability were analysed. The results indicate that drought events with different types of severity are more frequent in northern part of the studied area, while south-eastern part of the region is prone to severe to extreme drought events. The results also suggest that the target area experienced wide spread droughts in 23.5% of the years alaysed. In such years, the ratio of stations hited by severe to exterme droughts are lesser than the number of stations affected by mild to moderate drought events, indicating that the more severe drought the lesser areal extent.
Javad mohammadi nejad; Morteza Khodagholi
Abstract
Dust is one of the drought consequences which during recent years has been emerged as one of the important factors affecting wheat growth and its production yield beside other climatic fluxions. In this research, the drought intensity has been studied at nine synoptic stations of Lorestan province, during ...
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Dust is one of the drought consequences which during recent years has been emerged as one of the important factors affecting wheat growth and its production yield beside other climatic fluxions. In this research, the drought intensity has been studied at nine synoptic stations of Lorestan province, during a ten years period of 2000-2009 and its dominant effects on dust frequency rate and its effects during seasons on the wheat cultivation performance rate, as one of the most important agricultural products sensitive to climatic variations,. The drought intensity analysis has been conducted by SPI index, for a six months’ time scales led to January and its relation with dusty day’s frequency distribution has been examined in horizontal sight less than 2000 m at the province stations. Also, the mutual correlation rates have been analysed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regression method with SPSS software and clustering was studied using Ward method in S-plus software. Results demonstrated that even during normal wet-spell, dust days happen and wheat performance in drylands falls below1000 kg ha-1 (2004, 2005 and 2007). Whereas, the dust days reached to zero and the wheat performance exceeded kg ha-1 (2006), when the wet-spell exceeds its normal rate and reaches to reduced domain. The frequency of dust days and wheat performance are directly correlated in most stations like Khoramabad, Koohdasht and Broojerd with a rate of 0.784, 0.626 and 0.933, respectively and completely adverse in Azna with a rate of -0.926.
Zahra Jaberalansar; Morteza Khodagholi; Masoud Borhany; Hossein Arzani
Abstract
Rangeland ecosystems in semi-arid regions are vulnerable systems to climatic changes specially precipitation. In such conditions droughts are predictable. In this study the relationship between rangeland production and spatial and temporal changes of precipitation was investigated. Therefore, rangeland ...
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Rangeland ecosystems in semi-arid regions are vulnerable systems to climatic changes specially precipitation. In such conditions droughts are predictable. In this study the relationship between rangeland production and spatial and temporal changes of precipitation was investigated. Therefore, rangeland production through 10 years data set (1377-1387) in steppic bioclimatic of Esfahan province (Alavije, Muteh, Kalahrood and Gardaneshadian) using Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), the relationship between SPI series of 3, 5 and 8 month time scales, and rangeland production of 10 years. Thus Anova and correlation matrix between production and SPI factors were formed. Results indicated that the most severe drought has occurred in 1387 simultaneously, with the least production. A harmony between change trend of production and SPI in the sites showed that in most cases maximum and minimum production have occurred simultaneously with maximum and minimum of SPI series. Also, the production correlated with SPI series of three, five and eight months' time scales with correlation coefficients more than 63 percent which were significant in 1% and 5% level. Due to efficacy of production from spring precipitation and soil depth less than 30 cm in the sites, it is proposed to use SPI series of three months scale to evaluate drought in similar rangelands.
