majid khazayi; Iman Saleh; reza bayat; Shokr allah Absallan
Abstract
The concept of water productivity is to produce the best and most products by spending the lower amount of water. in this study water productivity was investigated with field surveys, field measurements and remote sensing analysis. For this purpose, in the first stage, water resources condition of the ...
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The concept of water productivity is to produce the best and most products by spending the lower amount of water. in this study water productivity was investigated with field surveys, field measurements and remote sensing analysis. For this purpose, in the first stage, water resources condition of the Basht aquifer investigated. in the next step, the cultivated area of Basht aquifer was investigated using Sentinel-2 satellite images in Google Earth Engine. Then, the agricultural condition of the aquifer investigated through questionnaire by farmers and experts. In the next step, the water requirement of the current cultivation pattern was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method. Finally, by evaluating the products in terms of productivity indicators, the water productivity of different products was determined. Penman-Monteith method calculations indicated that the water requirements of the aquifer dominant crops, including Citrus fruits, wheat, barley, corn, rapeseed, watermelon, branches, legumes and alfalfa respectively were 9170, 5630, 4821, 7863, 5411, 9291, 20234, 5225, 14083 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. In total, the amount of water consumed by the agricultural products in aquifer Basht is 45 million cubic meters, that approximately equivalent to 1 cubic meter per square meter of the aquifer cultivation area and and this amount is much more than the aquifer agriculture programmable water (17 million cubic meters).
Mahsa Tashakori; Mehdi Hayatzadeh; Ali Fathzadeh; Javad Chezgi; Akram Bemani Kharanagh
Abstract
Introduction The most important problem in the development and construction of underground dams is the complexity of determining suitable areas for dam construction. This problem arises from the fact that many criteria and factors including social, economic, geological and hydrological criteria are involved ...
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Introduction The most important problem in the development and construction of underground dams is the complexity of determining suitable areas for dam construction. This problem arises from the fact that many criteria and factors including social, economic, geological and hydrological criteria are involved in its proper location. Therefore, it is important to use methods that can determine suitable places for the construction of underground dams with high accuracy and with the least amount of time and cost. The construction of an underground dam is recommended as one of the solutions for water supply in arid areas where there is no access to usual sources, such as wells and permanent rivers, or they have few water resources. For this purpose, in the present study, the location of the prone areas for the construction of such dams has been investigated. The studied area is the Rodan Watershed in Hormozgan Province, which has a good potential for the construction of an underground dam due to its dry climate and special geological conditions.Materials and methodsIn this study, the number of eight initial locations were identified as potential points for construction underground dam by combining digital elevation model, topographic features, geological and hydrological features in GIS. In the following, after forming the decision matrix using Vicor model, ranking, determining the index and selecting the smallest index as the best option were done. Finally, the options were sorted based on the values of desirability index, dissatisfaction index and Vicor index. Then, the best option that has the smallest Vicor index was selected.Results and discussionAccording to the obtained results, the value of Vikor index (Q) was 0.0158 and 0.097 for sites 5 and 2, respectively, and that way, based on Vikor index, the first rank belonged to the site 5 and the second rank belonged to the site 2. Therefore, out of the initial eight locations, only two places were suitable spots and other suitable sites were rejected due to the distance from the centers of population concentration and agriculture. Rank one, located in the east of Ziarat Ali, is one of the best places to build an underground dam due to the hydrological and topographical conditions, including the fact that the slope in this site is less than five percent. The second priority, located in the north of Brentin district, was considered as a suitable option for the construction of an underground dam due to its location in the vicinity of a sparsely populated village where drinking water is supplied through a well. Among the criteria used in the present research, the criteria of water need, distance from the village, pH and EC parameters, and water quantity were the most important in the sites that have been assigned the first and second priority.Conclusion Examining the results of the reservoir surface factor in this research showed that the larger the reservoir surface, the higher the priority in locating this structure. In underground dams, unlike surface dams where the large reservoir surface is considered a disadvantage due to losses by evaporation, regardless of other factors, the best place to build an underground dam in a river is the canyons that have the maximum area of the reservoir in upstream. Looking at the axes selected in the current research, it can be seen that the highest priorities and the most valuable axes are selected in the quaternary formations, which can indicate the accuracy of the structure's positioning. Since the peak of water consumption in the region is in the spring and summer seasons, therefore, by constructing an underground dam in the proposed sites, part of the water shortage and crisis in the hot seasons can be compensated.
Mohammad Sadegh Porhemmat; Jahangir Porhemmat; Mehdi Mirzaee
Abstract
Karstic springs, as the main resources of rivers such as Karkheh, have encountered scarcity in the western of Iran during past years. It is necessary to consider the effects of climatic and human co-factors to prepar a rehabilitation plan in watershed scale. The present study was carried out to evaluate ...
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Karstic springs, as the main resources of rivers such as Karkheh, have encountered scarcity in the western of Iran during past years. It is necessary to consider the effects of climatic and human co-factors to prepar a rehabilitation plan in watershed scale. The present study was carried out to evaluate this phenomenon in the case of Sarab-e Niloufar, in Kermanshah Province. Two methods including Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Moving Average (MA) are used in this study. Four wet and dry periods were occured, including wet periods from 1980-1981 to 1997-1998 and from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, dry periods from 1998-1999 to 2002-2003, and from 2006-2007 to 2014-2015 water years. The SPI results showed two main periods from 1989 to 2015, include 1989 to 1999 and 2000 to 2015. The first period is wet or normal, but the second period is very dry to normal and is characterized by persistence and severity of dryness. Also, the results showed that spring discharge has been stable in a-29 years period from 1969 to 1988 with fluctuations by seasonal rainfall, but a sharp decrease over the second period. The average spring discharge was 1100 ls-1 during the first period, but 337 ls-1 in the next 19 years. Other results showed a harmony period between decreasing of the spring discharge with drought cycles resulted from MA and SPI, except for the wet period of 2003-2004 to 2005-2006. Nevertheless, the spring discharge had decreasing rate in the wet period of 2003-2004 to 2005-2006. In addition, spring decreasing discharge rate was greater than rainfall. Therefore, despite the fact that the effects of drought are recognized as a major factor of spring deficit, other factors such as decreasing in water table of adjacent aquifers are also important to consider for rehabilitation of the spring.
Saeideh Ansariyan; Mahnoosh Moghaddasi; Mojaba Moradi
Abstract
The success of the artificial recharge projects of aquifers need to recognition the appropriate points. The aim of this investigation is finding appropriate points for artificial recharge in “Kavir Meighan” basin in Markazi province. Because of that the Geographical Information System (GIS) ...
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The success of the artificial recharge projects of aquifers need to recognition the appropriate points. The aim of this investigation is finding appropriate points for artificial recharge in “Kavir Meighan” basin in Markazi province. Because of that the Geographical Information System (GIS) is used. In this investigation. the method“Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)” is used to find suitable points. By using the opinion of the experts, the necessary criterion to choose suitable points are: Water Quality, Water Depth, Slope, Land use, Geology, Soil texture and the position of wells, springs and Qanats. In AHP methods the raster layer of used criterion was prepared. Then by using double comparison and Expert choice software, the weight of the any layers was made. In this method the maps were put together by overlap methods. After that, inappropriate points those are too close to wells, springs and qanats, were showed. Finally, the potential map of artificial recharge zone was prepared. In AHP method the potential map contents 29 zones, the total area of them is 14,770,183 square meters.
Davod Ghorbanpour; Karim Solaimani; Mir Khalaghe Mirnia; Kaka Shahedi; Abdolnabi Kolahchi
Abstract
Growth of population and changes due to earth heating, have differently affected the environment. These changes have challenged the water resources exploitation process both qualitatively and quantitatively. Reduced fresh groundwater level and higher level of seawater in coastal aquifers have resulted ...
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Growth of population and changes due to earth heating, have differently affected the environment. These changes have challenged the water resources exploitation process both qualitatively and quantitatively. Reduced fresh groundwater level and higher level of seawater in coastal aquifers have resulted in reduced water exploitation in these zones. This study simulated the aquifer quality due to seawater intrusion using a numerical model in GMS v.10. The quality of the aquifer was analyzed and predicted using two qualitative models of SEAWAT and MT3D. The 10-years prediction model has shown a direct relationship between increased Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentration and reduced water table. The horizontal to vertical diffusion ratio of 0.5 and vertical to horizontal diffusion ratio of 0.2 were obtained following the calibration of molecular diffusion coefficient. Analysis of qualitative results indicated the increased TDS concentration at the northwest of the aquifer which is probably due to seawater intrusion toward the coast. Results of simulation using qualitative model indicated the seawater intrusion from two dimensions of groundwater level and depth. Further, the density difference between seawater and fresh groundwater resources has resulted in seawater intrusion performance curve. The position of seawater intrusion toward the coast indicated increased concentration of more than 2000 mgL-1 during the prediction period. Three methods of reduced groundwater harvesting, increased aquifer feeding plans and construction of ground dams were examined and analyzed in this study in order to decide about the factors influencing the increase or decrease of seawater intrusion into the coast. Findings of the analysis indicated the highest effect of reduced groundwater harvesting in limiting the seawater intrusion compared to the two other methods.
Hassan Vagharfard; Hassan Moghim
Abstract
Flood spreading is an effective way to increase the groundwater level, rectify the critical conditions of groundwater, and prevent flooding at Naeim-Abad, Fars Province. The most important step in the successful implementation of artificial recharge is the selection of recharge areas in the studied region. ...
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Flood spreading is an effective way to increase the groundwater level, rectify the critical conditions of groundwater, and prevent flooding at Naeim-Abad, Fars Province. The most important step in the successful implementation of artificial recharge is the selection of recharge areas in the studied region. In this research, the GIS technique and Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method have been used. We considered nine factors–land, slope, and distance from the road, altitude, thickness of the alluvium, distance from the stream, surface permeability, land use, and fault for analysis in this research. Each layer was prioritized using the AHP method and the different layers were integrated. Expert Choice software was used to prioritize nine considered factors. The results showed that 3.6% of the Naeim-Abad area was suitable for flood spreading based on the AHP method and GIS technique. In this research, hydrologic factors with a weight of 0.687 had the most impact among the main criteria for locating areas prone to flood spreading. Among the sub-criteria of this criterion, surface permeability with a weight of 0.558 had the greatest influence. In addition, the sub criterion of land use was weighted equal to 0.701, which had the highest weight among the sub criteria. The lowest weight among the sub criteria was attributed to the distance from the road with a weight of 0.106, which indicated the least influence on locating suitable areas for flood spreading.
Abolghasem Bagheri; Alireza Nikooie; Farhad Khodadad Kashi; Mohsen Shokatfadaei
Abstract
Although government’s supportive payments to agricultural activities is fulfilled for the purpose of increasing of social benefits, but it will cause some economic and environmental externalities. So that today the development of agricultural activities lead to decline in groundwater level in most ...
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Although government’s supportive payments to agricultural activities is fulfilled for the purpose of increasing of social benefits, but it will cause some economic and environmental externalities. So that today the development of agricultural activities lead to decline in groundwater level in most of these aquifers. This topic has increased the interest of related governmental sectors in developing and application of water conserving policies in aquifers. The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the outcomes of energy subsidies decline as specified water conservation policy alternatives on groundwater consumption and cropping patterns on the aquifer of Mahyar plain in Isfahan province, using non-linear optimization model. A Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model was developed and calibrated to land and water usage data for a base period of 2004-2005. The PMP approach produces a constrained non-linear optimization model that mimics the land and water allocation decision facing producers each year. The choice variables in the model are the acreages planted to each of the major crops and the water use by crop. The result showed that water application per acre decreased significantly under the high price scenarios, during the early years of the simulated period. This suggests that high energy prices have a significant effect on the rate of increment of the Mahyar aquifer stability.
Fateme Mohammadzadeh; Mohammadreza Ekhtesasi; Seyed Zein Alabedin Hosseini
Abstract
Underground aquifers are one of the main sources of water supply in most parts ofIranwhich are affected by natural and manmade factors in recent decades. Land and geological formations are from the natural factors in any region. In this study, the investigation of the quality of groundwater resources ...
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Underground aquifers are one of the main sources of water supply in most parts ofIranwhich are affected by natural and manmade factors in recent decades. Land and geological formations are from the natural factors in any region. In this study, the investigation of the quality of groundwater resources and their correlation with geology formations were considered. For this purpose, using the geological map of the area geological formations were extracted. Then, to determine the water brigade, the qualitative data of 76 operation wells and three control operation wells, were entered in the Chemistry software. Next, formations were classified according to the type of production and the effects of their dissolution (quality); in the next step, buffers in intervals of one, three, five, seven and 10 km were created around wells and their layers were overlaid with geological maps. The t-test results showed that at 95%, at one, three, five and seven km from the wells, the impact of formations is significant on operation wells, but, at a distance of 10 km and with increasing distance, this effect was less and significant effect there is not in this respect, but, their total impact of non-quaternary formations increases on the wells. Also, the results from Boulian logic showed that that formation (Qt2) has the most spreading near the wells, including alluvial fans and young alluvial sediments which are the original location for feeding aquifers. But, by increasing the distance from the wells, the impact of non-quaternary formations like Cretaceous limestone and Batholith rocks (volcanic) that have the ability to produce water Brigade of sodium chloride and carbonate increases.
Mohammadreza Fazel Pouraghdaei; Hossein Malekinezhad; Mohammadreza Ekhtesasi; Jalal Barkhordari
Abstract
The main objective of water spreading projects is recharging aquifers. In this study, changes of soil surface permeability in Yazd water spreading projects, including Sirizi in Bafgh, Herat and Miankouh in Mehriz were investigated. Using a double ring, 12 Permeability tests (in first and ...
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The main objective of water spreading projects is recharging aquifers. In this study, changes of soil surface permeability in Yazd water spreading projects, including Sirizi in Bafgh, Herat and Miankouh in Mehriz were investigated. Using a double ring, 12 Permeability tests (in first and fourth strips and three tests for each strip) were performed. Using measured data the performance of permeability equations such as Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lewis, Horton, SCS, and Philip were compared in estimating cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate in the study areas. Results showed that average permeability for Bafgh, Herat and Mehriz water spreading projects were about 1.06, 1.52 and 2.94 cmhr-1, respectively. The best equation for estimating cumulative infiltration in Bafgh was the Horton equation with RMSE and Nash Sutcliffe coefficients of 0.097 and 0.992, respectively, while in Herat and Mehriz the best equation was the Kostiakov-Lewis equation with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and RMSE of 0.385, 0.994, 0.081 and 0.991 respectively.
Abdolrasoul Shafiey Dastjerdi; Mohammad Hossein Mahdian; Kourosh Kamali; Hamid Hoseyni Marandi
Abstract
Entrance of high volume of floodwater containing huge amount of suspended sediments into the floodwater spreading networks which deposits sediments, as well as infiltration of soluble materials and fine grained, gradually changes the infiltration rate of soils. The aims of this project is to study the ...
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Entrance of high volume of floodwater containing huge amount of suspended sediments into the floodwater spreading networks which deposits sediments, as well as infiltration of soluble materials and fine grained, gradually changes the infiltration rate of soils. The aims of this project is to study the quantity and the process of changes made in the soil of Saravan floodwater spreading station. This research has tried to use direct method of infiltration rate measurement, using double ring infiltrometer in two separate time periods of one year each, and to compare it to the experimental area. In order to specify overall situation of infiltration rates in terms of increase or decrease in second period of measurement in comparison to the first one, and as far as data were not distributed normally, Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. The results showed no significant difference between two separate measurement periods due to few number of floodwater occurrences (three times) in addition to short time interval of one year between the two measurement periods. To determine changing rate of infiltration between strips and between the strips and the experimental field, as far as abnormal distribution of data in this arrangement were concerned, Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Results indicated that the three strips of flood spreading area have no significant difference (at five percent probability level) in two periods of measurement, but the strip related to experimental area has significant difference with other three strips and in both measurement periods. In other words, infiltration rates of all strips under floodwater spreading have been decreased in relation to the experimental area. Moreover, the results were explanatory that only one of the rectangular in both measurement periods had significant difference with experimental rectangular (at five percent probability level) and all the other rectangular have had no significant differences with each other and in comparison to the experimental one, in none of periods of measurement. Main reason of this difference is also related to the thicker sediments deposits in rectangular location, compared to other blocks. Also, infiltration rate decreased by 55.94 percent in flood spreading area compared to experimental area during one-year timeframe and 3.23 percent of reduction.
